Colonized to extract wealth through mining and cash crops
Treatment of natives: Spanish colonization
Wanted to convert them, used forced labor, and established a caste system
Location of Colonies: Spanish colonization
South America, the Caribbean, and Mexico/Western United States
Religion: Spanish colonization
Catholic missions for converting native americans
French colonization
Expanding the fur trade, later plantations in Louisiana
Treatment of natives: French colonization
viewed them as potential economic and military allies. maintained good relations with the tribes they encountered. Also, they married them
Location of Colonies: French colonization
Canada, Louisiana territory, New Orleans, and some islands in the Carribbean
Religion: French colonization
Protestant, but religion wasn't a focal point
Dutch colonization
Fur trade and other economic reasons
Treatment of natives: Dutch colonization
They didn't really care about converting them
Location of Colonies: Dutch colonization
New york, New Jersey, Delaware. Formed the dutch wedge
Religion: Dutch colonization
Freedom and diversity of religion
British colonization
Economic and religious liberty
Treatment of natives: British colonization
They took they're land and were frequently fighting, but they didn't really rely on them for labor
Location of Colonies: British colonization
The east coast of the United States and some islands in the Caribbean
Asiento System
System that took slaves to the New World to work for the Spanish. Required that a tax be paid to the Spanish ruler for each slave brought over.
Roanoke Colony
Britians first colony, established in outer banks, NC. When they came back, it was abandonded
Popham Colony
Britian's second colony, in Maine, it lasted around a year, but they ran out of food and left
: Popham Colony
Jamestown
The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia by a joint stock company
joint-stock company
A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.
Indentured Servants
Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years
Plymouth
Colony settled by the Pilgrims. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Colony founded by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill"
Puritan culture
Family seen as foundation of social fabric
Roger Williams
A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south
Anne Hutchinson
A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.
Dutch Wedge
New Netherlands separated England's northern and southern colonies, until they just took it with very little resistance
Navigation Acts
Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
Rise 0f Chesapeake slavery
Laws helped codify racial differneces. They wanted to prevent the growth of the free black population by banning interracial marriage. Also slavery was becoming cheaper than indentured servitude
Bacons rebellion
British settlers wanted more land for growing tobacco and they stole it from the natives. The natives retaliated, which infuriated the colonists. When Governor William Berkeley refused to send troops, Nathanial Bacon led angry poor farmers on an attack against the natives, and then on farms owned by Governor Berkeley.
Effects: Bacons rebellion
The rebellion was put down by British warships. The Virginia Elites reduced taxes and became more aggressive with native americans. Also they switched to using African slaves for labor.
Pequot war
Pequot tribe vs connecticut settlers. Started witht eh murder of 2 english traders. It was part of a larger dispute over trade
King Philip's war
King Metacomet (King Philip), forges a massive military alliance with other native tribes and attacked Massachusetts in retaliation for the praying towns
Praying towns
Towns in new england where native Americans were forced to live. They we're supposed to be for their protection, but really, it was to steal their land and convert them to christianity
First great awakening
A revitalization of religious piety that swept through the American colonies between the 1730s and the 1770s.
Causes: First great awakening
The movement was a reaction against the waning of religion and the spread of skepticism during the Enlightenment
Johnathan Edwards
Theologian and philosopher who objected to predestination and helped cause the first great awakening by preaching to large crowds
George Whitefield
A staunch Calvinist who began preaching outdoors in England. He moved to the colonies in 1740. In 2 years he was able to speak to over a quarter of the American population
James Oglethorpe
Got the royal charter for Georgia because he wanted to establish a colony for the "worthy poor" (the people in debtors prisions). England also wanted protection from Spanish Florida.
Georgia government
Very strict. Max land ownership, no slavery, alcohol, or Catholics. By 1740's Georgians wanted normal english liberties so these restrictions went away.
Spanish colonization
Colo
Hola
Hello
7 years war
A dispute over a french fort spiraled into a global conflict. Indigenous tribes tried to play Britain and France off of each other.
Effects: 7 years war
Britian doubled it's land holdings in north America and France was nearly kicked out. Natives couldn't play the empires off of each other for protection.
The middle ground
The areas where both colonists and native people would trade and coexist
The Albany conference
Meeting between leaders of 7 colonies to create a plan for joint defense and administration of the colonies. "Join or die"
British beliefs after 7 years war
They viewed the colonies as subordinates. They had spent billions on defending them, and thought they'd want to help pay the debt.
Proclamation of 1763
Britain didn't want to spend more money defending the colonies from the natives, so they banned settling beyond the Appalachian mountains
Virtual representation
The idea that each representative in parliament represented the empire as a whole, and therefore, the colonies were represented.
Sugar act
Reduced the tax on molasses, but strengthened the court system to end smuggling, making many wealthy smugglers angry.
Context: Sugar act
Before the act, most sugar was smuggled in, avoiding the tax. Now they were forced to pay it.
Stamp act
All paper products sold in the colonies had to be stamped and pay a small tax. It spurred on revolutionary ideals.
Stamp act congress
Delegates met in New York to send the "declaration of rights & grievances" to the king. They also organized a boycott of British goods.
Declaratory act
Parliament repealed the stamp act, but enacted the declaratory act, saying they could pass any law they wanted.
Townshend Acts
In opposing the stamp act, the colonists said trade should be regulated instead. Parliament passed the townshend acts and began taxing imports and exports.
Boston massacre
Parliament sent 1,000 troops to boston to enforce the townshend acts. Protesters began throwing snowballs, and eventually rocks at a group of soldiers. Someone fired a shot, and the soldiers killed 5 protesters
Thomas Gage
The new appointed governor of Massachusetts who began to strictly enforce parliaments laws
Lexington and Concorde
British troops marched to take a militia's weapons. They we're beaten back and chased back to boston by militia minutemen
Ethan Allen and the Green mountain boys surround fort Ticonderoga, steal it's cannons, and bring them back to Boston
Battle of Bunker hill
British won, but had many casualties. They eventually abandoned Boston
2nd Continental Congress
How would the colonists win? George Washington would lead an army
How would they pay for it? New currency
Colonial attitude towards independence
They didn’t want it. Initially the revolution was a petition to get the same rights as other British citizens
Olive branch petition
Congress wanted king George to intervene on their behalf and end the violence. He didn’t read it.
Common sense
Attacked the obstacles to independence. It was the best selling work in American history because it presented his ideas in a vernacular way.
Effects: Common sense
Led to widespread support for independence
Declaration of Independence
Written by Thomas Jefferson. Declared the colonies an independent country from Britain. Included a statement of intent, list of grievances, and a conclusion that dissolved ties with Britain
Articles of confederation
Looked to balance national coordination and states rights to prevent tyranny. It featured a unicameral legislature, but the federal government had no money and no military
Failures of the articles of confederation
France and others wanted their debt paid back, yet the national government didn’t have money. States had individual economies that didn’t collaborate.
Shay’s rebellion
Farmers had to take debt because they weren’t getting paid. Their land was being repossessed so they rebelled and closed the courts. They used Republican ideals to justify it.
Effects: Shay’s rebellion
Les many to worry if this was a sign of the articles of confederation failing, because the government didn’t have the power to end the rebellion.
Annapolis convention
Secret meeting between delegates of 6 states to discuss how to fix the articles of confederation
Philadelphia convention
12/13 states met to amend the articles of confederation. They eventually decided to draft a new constitution
Agreement: Philadelphia convention
3 branches, Congress would have the power to tax, states prohibited from taking property, government would represent the people.
Disagreements: Philadelphia convention
How much power to give the federal government? How to represent each state in Congress?
The Virginia plan
The plan for representation favored by large states. It called for 2 houses with population based representation and a strong national government.
The New Jersey plan
The plan for representation favored by small states. It called for 1 house of Congress with each state getting equal representation.
Connecticut compromise
Congress would have 2 houses, one with equal representation and one with population based representation.
Federalism
The division of powers between different levels of government.
Checks and balances
Different branches of government could check each other to prevent abuse of power.
George Washington's Presidency
Established many precedents for the office of the president. Created a cabinet-style government, appointed cabinet officials based on merit, and stepped down after 2 terms
Age of passion
Politics was very negative with the rise of political parties, political violence, and deep political divisions
civic virtue
the character of a good participant in a system of gov
republican motherhood
the idea that women needed to become educated so that they could educate the new generation
Hamilton's financial plan
1) Establish the U.S. credit worthiness 2) Unify the states' debt 3) Create a national bank 4) Whiskey tax to pay for the revolution 5) Establish tariffs to protect american businesses
the Compromise of 1790
Jefferson and Hamilton agreed to pass Hamilton's financial plan in exchange for making Washington D.C. the Capital of the country
French revolution
Ambassador from France came to America to encourage Americans to side with the French. Washington declared neutrality, but the ambassador remained in America to not get beheaded back home.
British impressment
The British continued to kidnap american sailors. Washington sent John Jay to london to negotiate
Jay treaty
Britain agreed to abandon outposts on the western frontier. In return the U.S. would favor trade with Britian. However, the treaty failed to address the british kidnapping, and American hatred of Britian caused riots.
First political parties
Divisions over neutrality in the French revolution, the Jay treaty, the financial plan, and existing sectionalism created the first political parties.
Federalists
Strong national government
Fear: Federalists
Mob rule
Constitution: Federalists
Loose constitution, open to interpretation
Policies: Federalists
Supported the National bank and industry. Only party to say democracy was dangerous in the hands of the people.
Demographics: Federalists
The wealthy elite, who lived in new england
Democratic Republicans
Weak national government
Fear: Democratic Republicans
Feared one man rule
Constitution: Democratic Republicans
Strict constitution
Policies: Democratic Republicans
Opposed the national bank, supported farming, and the idea of 'the american farmer'
Demographics: Democratic Republicans
Support from working class, southern and western americans
Whiskey rebellion
violent tax protest from 1791-1794.
the whiskey was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by president Washington to pay for the war. It unfairly burdened poor farmers west of the Appalachian mountains because they couldn't do business anymore
Effects: Whiskey rebellion
Showed the new U.S. constitution was much stronger than the articles of confederation, because the federal government was able to easily respond (Unlike the articles of confederation)
Election of 1797
First contested election in American history, won by John Adams (Washington's vice president)
XYZ affair
French and british continued to kidnap american sailors, so Adams sent ministers to negotiate. When they arrived, 3 agents demanded a bribe just to speak to the foreign minister. John Adams almost declared war.
Effects: XYZ affair
Quasi-war: Newly enlarged American navy began harassing the french back. Adams finally negotiated a truce, but lost the support of the federalists.
Fries rebellion
Farmers in southeast Pennsylvania stopped paying taxes for the larger military. John Fries led a peaceful protest, but John Adams ordered federal troops to stop the protest, and they made mass arrests, assaulted newspaper editors, and almost executed John Fries.
pinckney's treaty
between US and spain, defined border US and spanish florida, guranteed US navigation rights in mississippi river
alien laws
authorized the president to deport "aliens" and permitted their arrest imprisonment and deportation during war time
sedition act
applied restrictions to immigration and speech in US made it a crime for americans to print, utter, or publish any false, scandalous, malicious writing about the government
virginia and kentucky resolutions
drafted by thomas jefferson and james madison, claimed that alien and sedition acts were unconstitutional and overstepped federal authority under the constitition, and could therefore be nullified by the states
7 years war
A dispute over a French fort spiraled into a global conflict. Indigenous tribes tried to play Britain and France off of each other.
Effects: 7 years war
Britain doubled its land holdings in north America and France was nearly kicked out. Natives couldn't play the empires off of each other for protection.
Causes: 7 years war
Conflicting interests between European powers over territory and colonies
Election of 1800
Rematch between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic republicans had finally figured out how to campaign in the media, and the Federalists were seen as elitist
Jefferson's presidency
He himself owned hundreds of slaves. He banned the importation of slaves. Once the Atlantic trade dried up, domestic trade increased, creating the second middle passage
Limited government: Jefferson's presidency
Mentioned frugal, limited government, reduction of public debt, and respect for state's rights in his inaugural address.
Government expansion: Jefferson's presidency
Louisiana purchase which increased the size and influence of the national government, Barbary war, and the embargo.
Foreign policy: Jefferson's presidency
U.S. had been paying the barbary pirates off the coast of North Africa to ensure safe passage of American ships. Jefferson was opposed to paying bribes and stopped paying. When the pirates attacked American ships, Jefferson sent the navy. Ended with a negotiation and reduced payments.
Louisiana purchase
Napoleon needed money to quell the Haitian revolution, so he sold the Louisiana territory, and Jefferson bought. This was controversial because the constitution didn't specify how to add territory to the union.
The embargo
President Jefferson established an embargo on foreign trade in retaliation for Britain and France attacks on American ships.
Madison re-imposed the embargo on Britain because they continued to attack American ships
War hawkes
Younger Americans who had been born after the revolution, were ardent nationalists, and wanted war with Britain to invade Florida and Canada.
Jefferson policy on indigenous Americans
He favored removing them to reservations beyond the Mississippi if they refused to "civilize" themselves. Some unified and began violently resisting with help from the British
Madison declared war on great Britain
Madison declared war. "Would Americans remain independent or become colonists again?"
Effects of the War of 1812
Confirmed ability of a Republican Government to defend itself. Americans completed conquest of everything east of the Mississippi. War broke remaining indigenous power, and white settlers poured in to former native lands.
End of the federalists
The war had revived the struggling party thanks to the anti-war movement. Now that the war was over, federalist support collapsed for good.
Rush-Bagot pact
Agreement with Britain that removed military ships from the great lakes.
Convention of 1818
More American fishing rights, set the U.S. - Canada border at the 49th parallel, and called for the joint-occupation of Oregon
Spain sells Florida
U.S. wanted Florida for nationalist reasons and because slaves and outlaws kept hiding out there. After retaliating for a raid, Spain gives up and sells Florida for $5 million
Marbury vs. Madison
On his way out of office, John Adams appointed 16 new judges. Jefferson refused to deliver some of these appointments. The Supreme Court established judicial review.
McCulloch vs Maryland
Ruled that federal law trumps state law
Hartford Convention
Federalists met in opposition to the war of 1812, and even argued that new england should suceed.
Henry Clay's American system
Federally funded internal improvements, protective tariffs, and the re-establishment of the bank of the united states.
Tallmadge amendment
Would prohibit slavery in Missouri if it was admitted into the union
Compromise of 1820
Bring in Missouri and Maine at the same time to keep the balance of power. Also limited slavery above a certain latitude.
Monroe doctrine
Established the western hemisphere as a U.S.-dominated sphere of influence without European involvement.
Market revolution
The linking of northern industries with western and southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation
From 1820 to 1840 nearly 2 million immigrants (mainly from Germany and Ireland) showed up
Cult of domesticity
A woman's identity and sense of purpose revolved around child-bearing and making her home comfortable for her husband.
Expansion of democracy
Voting rights were expanded to all white males
Effects: Expansion of democracy
Growth and realignment of political parties
Panic of 1819
First major recession in the United States
Causes: Panic of 1819
Irresponsible banking practices and decreased demand for exports
Effects: Panic of 1819
Working men demanded the franchise
Split within the Democratic-Republican party
Expansive view of federal power & loose constructionists
Democrats: Split within the Democratic-Republican party
Restrictive view of federal power & strict constructionists
Election of 1824
The divisions within the Democratic-Republican party led them to choose 4 candidates, while Jackson's populist campaign won the popular vote, no candidate won enough electoral votes. Adams and Clay made a deal and the house voted for Adams.
Election of 1828
Definition: Election of 1828
The split became more permanent and the Democrats and National Republicans were formed. Jackson ran again and won.
Whigs
New party led by Henry Clay. Main difference was disagreement over federal power
Tariff of 1828
Raised import duties up to 50%. Supported by industrial northerners and hated by southerners who relied on imports
Jackson Vetos Second Bank of the U.S.
Supported by Henry Clay and created under the American system
Definition: Jackson Vetos Second Bank of the U.S.
He saw the bank as favoring the elite and vetoed the re-charter for the bank.
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Removed native americans from their land and sent them to reservations west of the Mississippi river.
Treaty of New Echota
Sneaky deal that exchanged Cherokee land in Georgia for a reservation territory west of the Mississippi River.
New American identity
Noah Webster's dictionary standardized the spelling and pronunciation of American language
Philosophy: New American identity
Transcendentalism: Belief in human perfectibility, emphasizing the power and beauty of nature.
Art: New American identity
Romanticized landscapes of nature
Religion: New American identity
Onida community: lived communally in perfect equality. No property, complex marriage
Shakers: Dancing, made furniture, lived in equality, and were celibate
Second great awakening
Camp meetings with huge sermons, christian revival. In contrast to first great awakening, which focused on personal moral reformation, second one emphasized moral reformation of society
Southern baptists
Split from the rest of the baptist church because the northern baptists were abolitionists
Charles Finney
New york preacher who spoke powerfully with images that common folks could understand.
American temperance society
Focused on working men. Established over 5,000 chapters across the nation
Nat turners rebellion
A young slave organized a rebellion believing that god had told him to do so. He and his followers killed over 50 people
Effects: Nat turners rebellion
Southerners imposed even harsher restrictions on slaves out of a fear of further rebellions
Manifest destiny
Americans believed they had a God-given right to have a nation from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
Texan independence
Americans had been settling in Texas since the 1820s. The southerners outnumbered actual Mexicans and had brought their slaves. The Mexican government outlawed slavery and mandated catholicism.
Conflict: Texan independence
in 1835 the Texans revolted and forced the leader of Mexican troops to recognize Texan independence. Their request to join the United States was rejected because America didn't want to fight a war with Mexico.
Election of 1844
James k. Polk was a big believer in manifest destiny. He got the Oregon territory and started the Mexican-American River.
Mexican-American war
Disputes over the Texas border sparked the conflict. American troops made it all the way to Mexico city.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Established the southern border of the United States and granted a huge portion of land known as the Mexican cession which included California and new Mexico
Wilmot Proviso
An amendment to a law in congress that stipulated that any land gained in the Mexican-American war wouldn't be ineligible for the spread of slavery. Symbolized the growing tension over westward expansion and slavery.
Gold rush
Gold was discovered in California, population skyrocketed
Positions on expansion of slavery
Argued that slavery was a constitutional right, wanted line established in the Missouri Compromise to extend all the way westward to the Pacific.
Free soil position: Positions on expansion of slavery
Northern Democrats & Whigs wanted all land gained in the west to be free territory
Popular sovereignty: Positions on expansion of slavery
Allowed the people living in the territory to decide slavery issue for themselves.
Free Soil Party
Formed by abolitionists who wanted to ban slavery everywhere
Compromise of 1850
California and New Mexico wanted to enter the union as free states.
Henry Clay created compromise: New Mexico and Utah would vote on slavery, California would be admitted as a free state, Slavery would be banned in Washington D.C., and there would be a new fugitive slave act
Fugitive slave act
Many northerners opposed the expansion of slavery, and abolitionists despised the law. There were often riots when Southerners would try to bring back a runaway slave.
Kansas-Nebraska act
divided Nebraska territory into 2 sections, Kansas and Nebraska. Put slavery to a vote in each new state. Effectively overturned the Missouri compromise!
Bleeding Kansas
Fighting broke out between the pro and anti-slavery factions
Republican party formed
A coalition of free soilers and whigs and northern democrats who's goal was to stop the spread of slavery.
Dred Scott case
A slave in Missouri was taken to live in free Wisconsin, for two years, and he sued for his freedom. The Supreme Court ruled that slaves aren't citizens, and they are property so nobody can be deprived of their property without due process.
Effects: Dred Scott case
Slavery could exist anywhere...
No longer limited to the south??
Also slaves not people >:(
John Brown
Led a small raid on a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. His goal was to arm the southern slave population and incite a slave rebellion
Effects: John Brown
Southerners feared that the north wanted to dismantle the south with slave rebellions
Election of 1860
Lincoln campaigned on halting the expansion of slavery. He won without a single Southern electoral vote, prompting the south to realize they no longer any voice in the future of slavery in america
Anaconda plan
Plan to completely cut off the south by blockading southern ports and eventually the Mississippi river
Battle of Vicksburg
Granted the Union control of the entire Mississippi River. Cut the confederacy in half
Radical Republicans
Pushed hard for civil rights, wanted to punish the south. Shifted the process of reconstruction from president to congress
Civil rights act of 1866
All African Americans were citizens of the United States
Reconstruction acts
Divided the south into 5 zones under military occupation. Increased requirements for rejoining (also ratify 14th amendment and have universal suffrage)
Tenure of Office Act
Stopped the president from removing a member of their cabinet without congressional approval (Johnson had tried to remove his secretary of war, who was a radical Republican)
Johnson impeached
Pres. Johnson violated the tenure of office act, and impeachment failed by one vote
15th amendment
Protected voting rights of former slaves (in theory)
White supremacy
White supremacy continued to dominate. Secret societies continued to terrorize African Americans (and Catholics, jews, and immigrants)
Black codes
Restricted the civil rights of african americans in the south. Made it harder to vote, own property, even banned them from testifying against white people
Compromise of 1877
The contested election was decided by a Republican-leaning committee the obv chose the Republican candidate. Democrats threatened to filibuster
Definition: Compromise of 1877
Democrats allowed Hayes to have the presidency in return for the removal of all federal troops in the south. Federal troops could no longer enforce federal civil rights laws.
Railroads
Massive extension of the railroad system created a truly national market for goods
Government support for railroads
Railroads supported by the government through money and land grants
Panic of 1893
A severe economic depression during which nearly a quarter of railroads declared bankruptcy. This caused bankers to buy up many of the railroads, leading to consolidation.
Bessemer process
Enabled manufacturers to produce huge quantities of steel
Effects: Bessemer process
Enabled industrialization
Andrew Carnegie
Pioneered vertical integration, where one company controls every stage of the manufacturing process
John D. Rockefeller
Pioneered horizontal integration, where one company controls every seller in the market.
: John D. Rockefeller
Standard oil co
Laissez-faire economics
There was an extreme lack of government regulation of the economy at the time
Gospel of wealth
Andrew Carnegie argued that those with wealth should invest it into society
Sherman antitrust act
Made monopolizing an entire market illegal
Effects: Sherman antitrust act
Written too vaguely to actually break up many of the trusts
White collar workers
All the industrialization created a new type of work for managers and administrators who ran the factories instead of working in them
Labor unions
Workers formed labor unions to have more negotiating power and fight for better pay and working conditions
Great railroad strike
Railroad companies cut salaries due to a recession. Railroad workers went on strike in 11 states. When the strike got violent, 11 people were killed before President Hayes sent in federal troops
Pullman strike
After a railroad car manufacturer cut wages, and the union tried to negotiate, the company failed them all. The railroad union decided to not work on any trains with Pullman cars in them. The railroad owners tied the Pullman cars to mail trains in order to get the government to keep them moving, and the union members were jailed
Knights of labor
National union open to ALL laborers. Wanted to end child labor and end trusts
Haymarket square riot
Anarchists set off a bomb during a Knights of labor protest in Chicago for an 8-hour workweek. Many people began to see the labor movement as violent and radical
American federation of labor
Grew to over a million members by 1901 and had some modest successes
Growth of immigration
16 million immigrants (mostly from Europe) came looking for better economic opportunities
Views on immigration
Feared that factory owners would use immigrants to keep wages low and to replace striking workers
Nativists: Views on immigration
Wanted to protect the interests of those who are native-born.
American protective association
Heavily anti-catholic and Social Darwinists
Starting in 1865 many Americans started pushing westward again after the interruption of the civil war
Chinese exclusion act
Nativists successfully pressured Congress to stop the flow of Chinese immigrants who were coming over during the gold rush.
Homestead act
Gave settlers 160 acres of land if they lived there for 5 years.
By 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the frontier was officially settled
Reservation system
Indian nations were assigned land called reservations. However this land was much less than before, and many decided to just keep following buffalo
Background: Reservation system
Thousands of migrants to California, Oregon, and Oklahoma. The transcontinental railroad. The U.S. decided to not respect the treaties they had with native Americans
Sioux wars
Sioux initally won a deceive victory against the U.S. army.
Indian appropriation act
congress sparked a new fight with the Sioux, by passing a law that nullified all previous treaties made with native Americans
Ghost dance movement
nationwide movement of resistance. They began to believe that if they took up the ritualistic ghost dance, that their ancestors would return and drive the Americans out.
Assimilationist movement
Wanted to end indian culture by forcing them to assimilate to American values.
Dawes act
Broke up tribal organizations and divided up tribal land and gave U.S. citizenship to natives who "Americanized" themselves
Changes in farming
A new focus on cash-crops in the north and west, and a shift to more expensive mechanized farming methods put smaller farms out of business. Big trusts that farmers relied on (like railroads) also raised prices, making it even harder for farmers to make a living
National Grange movement
Social and educational collective aimed at brining farmers together. Soon became political to lobby for farmers
Interstate commerce act
Required railroad rates to be reasonable and just, and established a federal commission to oversee the railroads
Political machines
Corrupt political bosses and their followers
Tammany Hall
The most famous political machine organized and met the needs of immigrants and the poor in exchange for votes
Settlement houses
Provided resources to the poor to enrich the neighborhood. Largely led by women
: Settlement houses
Hull house: tau
NAWSA
Worked to secure voting rights for women
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Worked to ban alcohol, had over 500,000 members
Anti-Saloon league
Worked to close down saloons
The new south
Idea that the future of the south would be based on economic diversity and industrial growth. Massive growth of population, industry, and railroads. Only in limited industrial centers though.
Jim Crow laws
Forced segregation and prevented african americans from exercising their civil liberties
Ida B. Wells
Editor of a newspaper editorialized against lynching and jim crow. She fled north due to threats against her
International migration society
Facilitated the migration of black people to africa
Booker T. Washington
former slave who trained other black men to become economically self-sufficient, and argued this was a better way to gain power than to campaign for better voting rights
Pendleton Act
Political appointments were very corrupt after a guy shot the president because he didn't get a job, congress passed the Pendleton Act, which created an exam that was used for deciding who would get a job
Effects: Pendleton Act
Caused politicians to shift from relying on their parties, to rich donors instead
Debates over money
Farmers wanted to print more money so they could more easily pay back their debts, but the bankers and the wealthy wanted to keep the U.S. Dollar on the gold standard
Populist party
Wanted to correct the concentration of power held by banks and trusts. Proposed the Omaha platform: Direct election of senators, more referendums, graduated income tax, and an 8-hour workday
American imperialism
Ideas about expansion and manifest destiny were engrained into the American identity. America purchased Alaska in 1867.
Imperialists: American imperialism
Wanted more sources for raw materials, and more markets to sell to. Also believed in social Darwinism.
Anti-Imperialists: American imperialism
Believed in self-determination for other nations. Also appealed to America's history of isolationism
Spanish-American War
: Spanish-American War
Background: Spanish-American War
Cuba was a Spanish colony. In 1885 Cuban nationalists failed to overthrow the Spanish colonists. Yellow journalists persuaded Americans to intervene by talking about the humanitarian disaster in Cuba. In 1888 the battleship Maine exploded while it was docked in Havana
Definition: Spanish-American War
President McKinley demanded a ceasefire from Spain, and when they agreed, he went to war anyway. The war was over in a few short months. America got a bunch of territory in the Pacific.
Philippines
Teddy Roosevelt sent an American fleet to attack the Spanish colony. They staged a ground invasion in collaboration with Filipino nationalists and overthrew the Spanish, before buying it from them
President McKinley was assassinated and Teddy Roosevelt became president
Big stick diplomacy
An aggressive foreign policy that got the U.S. involved in many foreign conflicts
Progressive's concerns
Rising power of big businesses
Uncertainties in the economy
Violence between labor groups and employers
Influence of political machines
Jim Crow segregation
Rights of women
: Progressive's concerns
Progressivism
The idea that the problems within American society could only be fixed through vigorous government intervention.
Muckrakers
Investigative journalists who exposed the underbelly of corruption rampant in American.
Ida Tarbell
Published a devastating investigation of standard oil in 1902
Jacob Riis
A photojournalist who published a book called 'How the Other Half Lives' which showed the horrifying conditions of the people living in urban tenements
Upton Sinclair
Wrote the book 'The Jungle' to expose the dangerous conditions of factory workers and the unsanitary meat packers
Secret ballot
Helped make voting more fair by giving voters privacy and preventing party bosses from pressuring people into voting for them
Direct election of senators
Gave citizens the right to vote for their senators. Progressives argued this helped take senators out of the pockets of millionaires and big business
Booker T. Washington
He argued that to achieve political equality, African Americans had to engage themselves in education and economic endavors
W.E.B. Dubois
Argued that for african americans to have any shot at economic equality, they needed to be recognized as politically equal first.
Niagra movement
Led by W.E.B. Dubois who organized a group of black intellectuals who met and organized to secure rights for African americans
N.A.A.C.P
Sought to abolish all forms of segregation and expand educational opportunities for black children (and others)
Teddy Roosevelt progressivism
Believed the president should set the legislative agenda for Congress. He led congress to pass a series of laws on consumer protection and enviornmental conservation
Pure food and drug act
Ensured Americans were eating safe and uncontaminated food
Meat inspection act
Set standards of sanitation for meat packing plants
Enforcing the Sherman Anti-trust Act
Roosevelt began enforcing the act more strictly and dismantled over 40 large companies (only bad trusts)
Square deal
When coal miners began to strike, Roosevelt stepped in to negotiate what he called a 'square deal' for both the workers and the corperation
Background: Square deal
There was a growing conflict between labor unions and big bussiness
Woodrow Wilson's Triple wall of privilege
On his first day in office, WW addressed Congress on the need to provide relief to Americans by lowering tariffs
Banks: Woodrow Wilson's Triple wall of privilege
Argued that the gold standard was inflexible and that banks served the interests of Wall Street instead of the people. He created the federal reserve system
Trusts: Woodrow Wilson's Triple wall of privilege
Continued breaking up even more trusts. Passed the Clayton antitrust act which closed many loopholes in the sherman anti-trust act
18th amendment passed
Banned the sale of alcohol. They thought it would right the moral wrongs of society, but it had the opposite effect
Sinking of the Lusitania
A German U-Boat sank a passenger ship with 128 Americans on board
Effects: Sinking of the Lusitania
The U.S. threatened to break off diplomatic relations and Germany backed off.
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Germany resumed sinking passenger ships two years later
Zimmermann telegram
Germany solicited Mexico to become an ally of theirs, and in return they would help Mexico regain the land that they had lost in the Mexican-American war.
Effects: Zimmermann telegram
It was intercepted by the British and sparked American outrages, and America entered the war
Wilson created many wartime agencies to coordinate the war. They encouraged Americans to ration resources and food, took control of railroads, and revitalized industries, causing more urban migration.
The great migration
Over 1.5 million African Americans moved north in search of economic opportunities created by the war effort and an escape from southern discrimination
Espionage Act of 1917
Anyone who tried to incite rebellion or obstruct the draft would go to prison
Sedition act of 1918
Prohibited anyone from making negative comments about the government
fourteen points
Wilson articulated his vision for the post-war world. Freedom of navigation, self-determination of nations, and a league of Nations (before the UN)
Red Scare
Anti-german sentiment shifted to anti-communist sentiment as people feared communist infiltration from Russia
Palmer raids
The AG tasked FBI Director Hoover to gather information on suspected communists and led to mass arrests and deportations
1920's politics
A Republican president was elected. He promised to reduce the government's involvement in people's lives and return to normalcy.
1920's economic boom
The standard of living for most Americans increased during the 1920s.
Assembly line
A new and more efficient way to manufacture products like cars
Flappers
Women who rejected stereotypical gender roles by drinking and smoking and having short hair
Increased nativism
Increased immigration from eastern Europe after the war created another wave of nativism. Led to the passage of the immigration quotas
Immigration Quotas
Limited the number of eastern European and Asian immigrants
Harlem Renaissance
Black artists and performers developed a distinct art that grew out of the black experience
Mass culture
The growing popularity of technologies like movies and the radio meant that everyone was listening to the same things, which helped create a more unified culture and distinct identity
Crisis in American values
Embraced the changing culture with respect to gender roles and scientific discoveries
Lived in urban areas
Fundamentalists: Crisis in American values
Condemed the changing of morals
Argued that every word in the bible should be taken literally
Lived in rural areas
Scopes Monkey trial
In Tennessee it was illegal to teach Darwin's theory of evolution to children. A teacher was arrested for teaching it to his class. In the end, the conviction was thrown out on a technicality.
Effects: Scopes Monkey trial
Since the trial played out in plain view of the public, Fundamentalism was discredited because it was unable to defend itself against modernist protestants
Great depression
The stock market collapsed on black Tuesday. People borrowed money to invest in the stock market. Everyone lost their money.
Hoovervilles
People who lost their homes had to live in shanty towns. The name mocked President Hoover for not intervening
Franklin D. Roosevelt elected
Believed in active government and he grew the government more than any president before him.
New deal
Public works administration: employed people to work on infrastructure projects
Tennessee Valley Authority: Hired people to control power plants and control flooding
Recovery for business: New deal
Glass-Stragall act: Increased bank regulation
FDIC: Insured people's bank deposits
Reform of economic institutions: New deal
Social Security act: Collected a portion of workers wages and then paid them monthly when they retired
Cash and Carry
Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass a looser version of the neutrality act that allowed anyone to purchase arms from the U.S. as long as they paid in cash and used their own ships to transport it
Lend-Lease Act
Allowed Britain to 'borrow' the weapons they needed
Korematsu vs. U.S.
Challenged the practice of Japanese Internment, but SCOTUS ruled that it was a wartime necessity
Cold war
A conflict between two belligerents where neither engages in conflict with the other
Attitudes towards Germany
Wanted to keep Germany weak so they wouldn't pose a threat.
Wanted to extract reparations for all the damage Germany had caused
Americans: Attitudes towards Germany
Wanted Germany to recover economically to create stability in Europe
Containment
Truman took measures to contain the spread of communism. The U.S. would provide economic and military support to any country fighting communism
Marshall plan
The extensive economic aid plan to rebuild the European economy and encourage democracy
Red scare
House Unamerican activities community searched for communist influence in American society (Government, military, film industry, Boy Scouts)
GI Bill
Gave WW2 veterans the opportunity to go to college for free (paid by the Government)
Brown v. Board of education
The Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were inherently unequal and schools had to be integrated. Overturned plessy v. Ferguson from 1896
Southern resistance to integration
Argued that the Supreme Court had engaged in a gross abuse of power
Arkansas: Southern resistance to integration
The Governor called in the National Guard to prevent black students from entering Little Rock High School. Eisenhower then sent Federal troops to protect those 9 students and force the school to be integrated
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger
Her refusal to give up her seat to a white passenger, and subsequent arrest sparked a massive bus boycott
Sit-in movement
Thousands of black folks sat a segregated food counters and refused to move until they were taken out by force and jailed
March on Washington
Hundreds of thousands gathered for a peaceful protest in front of the lincoln memorial. MLK gave his 'I have a dream' speech
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Made discrimination on the basis of race, religion, or sex illegal
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Prohibited racial discrimination in the voting booth
Malcom X
Advocated countering white violence with black violence
Black Panthers
Advocated violence when necessary in defense of black rights
Watts Riots of 1965
After the arrest of a black motorist by white officers, rioters killed over 30 people and destroyed hundreds of buildings in Los Angeles
The Feminine Mystique
Explained the boredom and imprisonment of the typical housewife who was beholden to the needs of her family at the expense of her own needs. Argued that women should seek fulfilment and careers as well.
N.O.W.
Advocated for women's rights using many of the same tactics as the civil rights movement
Phyllis Schlafly
Organized the conservative opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment
Cesar Chavez
Led the protests for fair labor for agricultural workers
Background: Cesar Chavez
Many Mexican workers were deported during the great depression. Many returned in the '50s and '60s and their labor was exploited for very low wages
Self-determination Act of 1975
Gave Native Americans much greater control over their lands, education, and law enforcement
Counter culture
A movement, mostly among young people who cast off societal restraint with rebellious clothing and experimental drug use
Baker vs. Carr
Mandated fair congressional districts
Engel vs. Vitale
Prohibited prayers in school
Decolonization
After WWII there was a massive movement of decolonization throughout the world. Many of these new nations were unstable and needed aid, creating perfect conditions for proxy wars
Great society
An extension of the New Deal: War on Poverty
Office of Economic Opportunity, Medicare, Medicaid, immigration act
Roe v. Wade
Nixon's appointments (who he'd assumed who be conservative) ruled in favor of abortion rights
EPA
Created in response to growing backlash from environmental disasters. Sought to place limits on pollution in the air and water