Machiavelli wrote about how an effective ruler should behave: they should maintain order and stability, be feared but not hated. First to coin the term “humanism”. First to divide history into 3 parts. He wrote the famous “oration on the dignity of man”, the manifesto of the renaissance. Humans are free to become whatever they want Focused much more on realism as artists learned how to use perspective

His death marked the start of the renaissance. He was called the father of humanism. Machiavelli wrote about how an effective ruler should behave: they should maintain order and stability, be feared but not hated. The pope rented the power to appoint church officials in France to the king through the accordo di bologna Isabella and Ferdinand conquered the Muslim state of Grenada, expelled Spanish Jews and tortured non-Catholics

Separation of church and state. Machiavelli wrote about how an effective ruler should behave: they should maintain order and stability, be feared but not hated. He wrote the famous “oration on the dignity of man”, the manifesto of the renaissance. Humans are free to become whatever they want Focused much more on realism as artists learned how to use perspective

New military technology meant only centralized government could afford to go to war. Monarchs became more powerful, nobility lost power. New military technology meant only centralized government could afford to go to war. Monarchs became more powerful, nobility lost power. Machiavelli wrote about how an effective ruler should behave: they should maintain order and stability, be feared but not hated. His death marked the start of the renaissance. He was called the father of humanism.

Poco della Mirandola Poco della Mirandola Leonardo Bruni Petrarch