Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures after listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

Three-fifths compromise Keynesian economics Bill Ratification

Pure speech Divided government Political action committees (PAC$) Unanimous consent

prohibits the establishment of a national religion the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction