an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants speech that is likely to bring about public disorder or chaos; may be banned in public places to ensure the preservation of public order money used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

Trustee Amicus curiae brief Brief Civil rights

Ex post facto law Caucus (congressional) Three-fifths compromise joint resolution

let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation

the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction