the approval of a policy by legislation government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters

Grants-in-aid pork-barrel legislation Miranda warning Trustee

agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation a solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state) method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government a temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees

complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation federal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party representatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president money used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission