y + z --> Y+ + Z- (G<0) as matter disperses, entropy increase, so, going from solid to liquid to gas would increase entropy, whilst going from gas to liquid to solid would decrease it S = entropy G = Gibbs free energy H = heat energy Ecell = E (cathode) - E (anode) IMPORTANT: if the reaction gets reversed (in order to balance, sometimes it will need to be reversed), the sign of the Ecell must switch, however if it gets multiplied (in order to balance) IT REMAINS THE SAME!!

charging a battery vs using a battery non-spontaneous is... how a reaction that is thermodynamically unfavorable occur is H < 0 and S > 0

V = IR voltage = current (amps) * resistance (ohms) y + z --> Y+ + Z- (G<0) galvanic = anode is negative and cathode is positive electrolytic = anode is positive and cathode is negative a reaction can be coupled with a reaction that is favorable to push it forward Examples: - photosynthesis - ATP - Charging a battery with electricity

charging a battery vs using a battery cell potential, Ecell, electromotive force (emf) galvanic cell vs electrolytic cell is H < 0 and S < 0

reduction happens, gaining electrons 1 joule of work / coulomb of charge transferred J/C = units galvanic = anode is negative and cathode is positive electrolytic = anode is positive and cathode is negative x --> X+ + e-