Ecell = E (cathode) - E (anode) IMPORTANT: if the reaction gets reversed (in order to balance, sometimes it will need to be reversed), the sign of the Ecell must switch, however if it gets multiplied (in order to balance) IT REMAINS THE SAME!! in an isolated system energy can neither be created or destroyed; only transferred or converted, meaning E lost = negative E gained y + z --> Y+ + Z- (G<0) x --> X+ + e-

non-spontaneous is... cell potential, Ecell, electromotive force (emf) what is Gibb's free energy 3rd law of thermodynamics

it has k>1, relatively low activation energy y + z --> Y+ + Z- (G<0) chemical energy is converted to electrical energy with spontaneous redox reaction Voltage consists of oxidizing agent in one compartment that pulls electrons through a wire from a reducing agent T = 500k spontaneous, high temperature, T delta S is large

cathode G, S, H 2nd law of thermodynamics cell potential, Ecell, electromotive force (emf)

is H > 0 and S > 0 galvanic cell vs electrolytic cell is H < 0 and S < 0 charging a battery vs using a battery