entropy of an isolated system is never decreasing, only if it is in a 2 or more system y + z --> Y+ + Z- (G<0) in an isolated system energy can neither be created or destroyed; only transferred or converted, meaning E lost = negative E gained Ecell = E (cathode) - E (anode) IMPORTANT: if the reaction gets reversed (in order to balance, sometimes it will need to be reversed), the sign of the Ecell must switch, however if it gets multiplied (in order to balance) IT REMAINS THE SAME!!

is H > 0 and S > 0 non-spontaneous is... 3rd law of thermodynamics how a reaction that is thermodynamically unfavorable occur

2nd law of thermodynamics how a reaction that is thermodynamically unfavorable occur charging a battery vs using a battery overall cell reaction

1 joule of work / coulomb of charge transferred J/C = units T=100k spontaneous, low temperature, T delta S is small as V goes up, so does S as the more temperature, the more energy, the mor entropy (sum of S products) - (sum of S reactants) DO NOT FORGET TO ACCOUNT FOR THE MOLES IN THE REACTION!!!

1st law of thermodynamics galvanic cell vs electrolytic cell if a reaction is thermodynamically favorable exergonic reaction