Ecell = E (cathode) - E (anode) IMPORTANT: if the reaction gets reversed (in order to balance, sometimes it will need to be reversed), the sign of the Ecell must switch, however if it gets multiplied (in order to balance) IT REMAINS THE SAME!! 1 joule of work / coulomb of charge transferred J/C = units delta G = delta H - (T * delta S) gibbs free energy = enthalpy - (temperature times entropy) *note T is in kelvin, not Celsius as temperature goes to zero, entropy approaches a constant value

thermodynamically unfavorable T=100k spontaneous, low temperature, T delta S is small T = 500k spontaneous, high temperature, T delta S is large Ecell = E (cathode) - E (anode) IMPORTANT: if the reaction gets reversed (in order to balance, sometimes it will need to be reversed), the sign of the Ecell must switch, however if it gets multiplied (in order to balance) IT REMAINS THE SAME!!

overall cell reaction volumes proportionality with entropy entropy anode

G = negative = k>1 G = positive = k<1 k is close to 1, G is close to zero k is far from 1, G is far from zero galvanic = anode is negative and cathode is positive electrolytic = anode is positive and cathode is negative y + z --> Y+ + Z- (G<0) 1 joule of work / coulomb of charge transferred J/C = units

galvanic cell vs electrolytic cell is H < 0 and S < 0 delta S = 2nd law of thermodynamics