in an isolated system energy can neither be created or destroyed; only transferred or converted, meaning E lost = negative E gained T=100k spontaneous, low temperature, T delta S is small Ecell = E (cathode) - E (anode) IMPORTANT: if the reaction gets reversed (in order to balance, sometimes it will need to be reversed), the sign of the Ecell must switch, however if it gets multiplied (in order to balance) IT REMAINS THE SAME!! chemical energy is converted to electrical energy with spontaneous redox reaction Voltage consists of oxidizing agent in one compartment that pulls electrons through a wire from a reducing agent

galvanic cell vs electrolytic cell non-spontaneous is... is H < 0 and S < 0 entropy

products have less energy than reactants, spontaneous, graph will end lower than it started spontaneous at all Temps, delta G <0 y + z --> Y+ + Z- (G<0) as V goes up, so does S as the more temperature, the more energy, the mor entropy

galvanic cell vs electrolytic cell volumes proportionality with entropy cell potential, Ecell, electromotive force (emf) 1st law of thermodynamics

entropy of an isolated system is never decreasing, only if it is in a 2 or more system oxidation happens, losing electrons x --> X+ + e- galvanic = anode is negative and cathode is positive electrolytic = anode is positive and cathode is negative