thermodynamically unfavorable the energy of a system related to changes in enthalpy and entropy, at a constant temperature. basically implies that the system is at 1 atm and using 1 M solutions. Ecell = E (cathode) - E (anode) IMPORTANT: if the reaction gets reversed (in order to balance, sometimes it will need to be reversed), the sign of the Ecell must switch, however if it gets multiplied (in order to balance) IT REMAINS THE SAME!! as V goes up, so does S as the more temperature, the more energy, the mor entropy

thermodynamically unfavorable degrees of freedom of a molecule spontaneous at all Temps, delta G <0 entropy of an isolated system is never decreasing, only if it is in a 2 or more system

Ecell = E (cathode) - E (anode) IMPORTANT: if the reaction gets reversed (in order to balance, sometimes it will need to be reversed), the sign of the Ecell must switch, however if it gets multiplied (in order to balance) IT REMAINS THE SAME!! charging = non-spontaneous using = spontaneous in an isolated system energy can neither be created or destroyed; only transferred or converted, meaning E lost = negative E gained y + z --> Y+ + Z- (G<0)

3rd law of thermodynamics 1st law of thermodynamics cell potential, Ecell, electromotive force (emf) cathode

entropy of an isolated system is never decreasing, only if it is in a 2 or more system galvanic = anode is negative and cathode is positive electrolytic = anode is positive and cathode is negative chemical energy is converted to electrical energy with spontaneous redox reaction Voltage consists of oxidizing agent in one compartment that pulls electrons through a wire from a reducing agent galvanic = anode is negative and cathode is positive electrolytic = anode is positive and cathode is negative