as matter disperses, entropy increase, so, going from solid to liquid to gas would increase entropy, whilst going from gas to liquid to solid would decrease it the energy of a system related to changes in enthalpy and entropy, at a constant temperature. basically implies that the system is at 1 atm and using 1 M solutions. a reaction can be coupled with a reaction that is favorable to push it forward Examples: - photosynthesis - ATP - Charging a battery with electricity Ecell = E (cathode) - E (anode) IMPORTANT: if the reaction gets reversed (in order to balance, sometimes it will need to be reversed), the sign of the Ecell must switch, however if it gets multiplied (in order to balance) IT REMAINS THE SAME!!

it has k>1, relatively low activation energy reduction happens, gaining electrons chemical energy is converted to electrical energy with spontaneous redox reaction Voltage consists of oxidizing agent in one compartment that pulls electrons through a wire from a reducing agent thermodynamically unfavorable

galvanic cell vs electrolytic cell overall cell reaction 3rd law of thermodynamics what is Gibb's free energy

charging a battery vs using a battery cell potential, Ecell, electromotive force (emf) if a reaction is kinetically favorable delta S =

what is Gibb's free energy is H < 0 and S < 0 3rd law of thermodynamics galvanic cell vs electrolytic cell