(sum of S products) - (sum of S reactants) DO NOT FORGET TO ACCOUNT FOR THE MOLES IN THE REACTION!!! thermodynamically unfavorable 1 joule of work / coulomb of charge transferred J/C = units Ecell = E (cathode) - E (anode) IMPORTANT: if the reaction gets reversed (in order to balance, sometimes it will need to be reversed), the sign of the Ecell must switch, however if it gets multiplied (in order to balance) IT REMAINS THE SAME!!

degrees of freedom of a molecule thermodynamically unfavorable 1 joule of work / coulomb of charge transferred J/C = units in an isolated system energy can neither be created or destroyed; only transferred or converted, meaning E lost = negative E gained

y + z --> Y+ + Z- (G<0) a reaction can be coupled with a reaction that is favorable to push it forward Examples: - photosynthesis - ATP - Charging a battery with electricity entropy of an isolated system is never decreasing, only if it is in a 2 or more system spontaneous at all Temps, delta G <0

entropy is H < 0 and S > 0 cell potential, Ecell, electromotive force (emf) if a reaction is kinetically favorable

as temperature goes to zero, entropy approaches a constant value galvanic = anode is negative and cathode is positive electrolytic = anode is positive and cathode is negative as V goes up, so does S as the more temperature, the more energy, the mor entropy reduction happens, gaining electrons