Lower prices thanks to Industrial Revolution, agricultural Revolution, and the slave trade made many new things affordable for middle class Europeans, who started buying more stuff Jean Colbert, king Louis 14th’s finance minister implemented mercantilist policies to reduce France’s debt, improve domestic industry, expand colonial holdings, and created a favorable balance of trade. King Louis 14 wars undid these improvement Rebellion of French nobles against cardinal mazarin, who was consolidating state power and taking away from the nobles. The Fronde threw France into chaos and cardinal mazarin eventually prevailed. The people realized they needed strong king Jean Colbert, king Louis 14th’s finance minister implemented mercantilist policies to reduce France’s debt, improve domestic industry, expand colonial holdings, and created a favorable balance of trade. King Louis 14 wars undid these improvement

The 30 years war weakened the influence of the Catholic Church and the growing merchant class wanted more stability. Oliver Cromwell captured King Charles I and did away with political opposition in parliament, and then had King Charles beheaded. Before factories, goods during the Industrial Revolution were mainly made in peoples homes through the putting out system Parliaments army in the English civl war led by Oliver Cromwell

Nations who expanded their military found themselves on the winning side of balance of power. Started an arms race as France, Sweden and others rapidly expanded their military after the 30 years war Included provisions for parliament, not the monarch to levy taxes. Stipulated that when parliament made a law, it couldn't be overturned by the monarch Lower prices thanks to Industrial Revolution, agricultural Revolution, and the slave trade made many new things affordable for middle class Europeans, who started buying more stuff The government is limited by the rule of law. The monarch had to share power.

Allowed for new crop-rotation methods and improved European diets which increased life-spans Included provisions for parliament, not the monarch to levy taxes. Stipulated that when parliament made a law, it couldn't be overturned by the monarch Mary and William of orange offered the throne by parliament to replace James II (successor to Charles II), after he fled. Peaceful* transfer of power. Ended divine right of kings and English bill of rights The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy.

putting-out system Dutch States General 80 Years War (1568-1648) Hugenots flee France