Said by Louis the 14th, the absolute ruler of france Agricultural output tripled despite urbanization thanks to new farming technology Jean Colbert, king Louis 14th’s finance minister implemented mercantilist policies to reduce France’s debt, improve domestic industry, expand colonial holdings, and created a favorable balance of trade. King Louis 14 wars undid these improvement a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa

Parliaments army in the English civl war led by Oliver Cromwell Visited Europe and convinced Russia needed to westernize and that he wanted to consolidate power for himself. Political reform, religious reform, cultural reform. To pay for the reforms, he tripled taxes so the peasants hated him Tried to shape Russian culture to fit the image of Western Europe. Ex: Beard tax Hundreds of thousands fled, robbing France of its healthy merchant class

spinning machine powered by water wheel, invented by Richard Arkwright Nations who expanded their military found themselves on the winning side of balance of power. Started an arms race as France, Sweden and others rapidly expanded their military after the 30 years war Monarchs consolidating all state power under themselves in order to advance the needs of their own state The pact concluding the War of the Spanish Succession, forbidding the union of France with Spain. Maintained the balance of power in Europe.

English Bill of Rights (1689) Oliver Cromwells dictatorship Jean Colbert's mercantilist policies Divine Right of Kings

Peter the great's cultural reforms Hugenots flee France Peace of Utrecht (1713) End of the English civl war