Enlightenment thinkers applied new methods of reasoning to politics, and human institutions Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body

The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased Using specific observations to create general principles There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.

Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything. a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them. There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews

Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.

These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it. Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure Using specific observations to create general principles Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism