Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production. Women led movement that pushed for education for working class children These reforms were led by governments Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. History obeys laws, moves through patterns and stages until it reaches its ultimate goal. Driving force of history was class structure

Great exhibition Ten hours act Russian conservatism in the late 1800s Zollverein agreement

October Manifesto (1905) Utilitarianism Educational reforms Reasons for industrialization in Britain

Marx was deeply distressed at the injustice of a society in which there was such a large gap between the rich and the poor classes. Communism! Political belief that argues governments are most stable when they uphold traditional and established norms and cultural institutions. Also says that humans are flawed and untrustworthy. Became popular because of the French Revolution As European countries extended the right to vote to more and more people, political parties had to appeal to more people to win. For example, liberals and conservatives had to incorporate more reforms because a lot of people wanted them. Transition from agrarian economies to economies based on the manufacture of goods. Done in factories with specialization

Russian conservatism in the late 1800s 2nd wave of industrialization Conservatism Communist Manifesto