Transition from agrarian economies to economies based on the manufacture of goods. Done in factories with specialization Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. History obeys laws, moves through patterns and stages until it reaches its ultimate goal. Driving force of history was class structure Potatoes were a staple food in Ireland. When a virus killed the potatoes, millions of the Irish poor died of starvation. Highlighted the importance of industrializing. Women led movement that pushed for education for working class children

Greece was under the control of the very conservative ottomans. From 1821 to 1831, the Greeks engage in a series of rebellions. The ottomans initially helped but with the help of France, russia, and Britain (who wanted to weaken the ottomans) Greece won its independence in 1832 In 1846, parliament repealed the corn laws which levied steep tariffs on imported grain. This lowered food prices and less people were needed to farm so they moved to cities. Customs union which put a huge tariff on trade beyond member states, and promoted free trade within those German states. Allowed the small German states to compete economically with large unified countries like Great Britain and France Raw materials (colonial empire), excellent transportation system via canals and rivers and later railroads, rise of capitalism, incentives for inventors (government rewards for new inventions), favorable government policies

Political belief that argues governments are most stable when they uphold traditional and established norms and cultural institutions. Also says that humans are flawed and untrustworthy. Became popular because of the French Revolution Raw materials (colonial empire), excellent transportation system via canals and rivers and later railroads, rise of capitalism, incentives for inventors (government rewards for new inventions), favorable government policies Women led movement that pushed for education for working class children New constitution created a strong executive. Napoleon's nephew was elected and became France's first president. He gained power and eventually was crowned emperor Napoleon III in 1870

Educational reforms Mass-based political parties Provisional governments new constitution Newcomen steam engine

2nd wave of industrialization Klemens von Metternich French industrialization 2nd wave of industrialization