Newcomen steam engine Ten hours act Provisional governments new constitution Liberalism

Russian conservatism in the late 1800s Edmund Burke Revolutions of 1848 Zollverein agreement

Raw materials (colonial empire), excellent transportation system via canals and rivers and later railroads, rise of capitalism, incentives for inventors (government rewards for new inventions), favorable government policies Tzar Alexander 3rd had his finance minister Sergei Witte to draft some reforms. Universal suffrage for men, citizenship for all Russians, freedom of speech, and legislative reform, but tzar retained veto power Made the production of textiles exponentially cheaper. Inspired by the French revolutions, the people began demanding more liberal reforms as well. Constructional reforms and voting rights, but most of all, the unification of Germany. As they protested, Prussian king Frederick William 4th agreed to give them a new constitution and to merge Prussia into a unified German state. But while he was negotiating, the king sent troops to end the protests and the revolution failed.

Industrialization in southern and eastern europe Zollverein agreement Companionate marriage Industrialization

Socialism 2nd wave of industrialization Factory act Nobility’s opposition to industrialization