Newcomen steam engine Edmund Burke Industrialization French industrialization

Customs union which put a huge tariff on trade beyond member states, and promoted free trade within those German states. Allowed the small German states to compete economically with large unified countries like Great Britain and France The middle class had rigidly defined gender roles. The men worked in the city or at their factory, and women and children stayed home and made him sandwiches 🥪 Argues that actions should be judged based on whether ther increase the happiness of those affected by the action Teaches that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation

Industrialization struggled to take root in places like Portugal, Spain, Southern Italy, and Greece because they lacked large deposits of coal and iron. And spain was devastated after the peninsular war and lacked a stable government. Plus elites have more government control and they didn’t like industrialization Industrialization led to the development of self-conscious classes because there was a very clear division of labor. Overcrowding in tenements lead to the spread of diseases. Raw materials (colonial empire), excellent transportation system via canals and rivers and later railroads, rise of capitalism, incentives for inventors (government rewards for new inventions), favorable government policies A philosophy that emphasizes limited government and the rights of the individual. Popular sovereignty

Middle class leisure culture German unification Newcomen steam engine Social effects of Industrial Revolution

Between 1870 and 1914, a second wave of industrialization spread throughout Europe. Main building material became steel instead of iron, and the main fuel source became gasoline and electricity rather than coal and steam. Tzar Alexander 3rd had his finance minister Sergei Witte to draft some reforms. Universal suffrage for men, citizenship for all Russians, freedom of speech, and legislative reform, but tzar retained veto power The tzar claimed divine right to rule, used secret police to crush dissent, and upheld surfdom. Industrialization took hold in France much later than Britain because of its relative lack of coal and iron deposits.