Inspired by the French revolutions, the people began demanding more liberal reforms as well. Constructional reforms and voting rights, but most of all, the unification of Germany. As they protested, Prussian king Frederick William 4th agreed to give them a new constitution and to merge Prussia into a unified German state. But while he was negotiating, the king sent troops to end the protests and the revolution failed. For all three of these revolutions of 1848, liberal reforms were demanded but conservative forces crushed those demands. Many of these governments reacted by becoming even more conservative Made the production of textiles exponentially cheaper. Transition from agrarian economies to economies based on the manufacture of goods. Done in factories with specialization

Revolutions of 1848 Sunday School Movement Zollverein agreement Klemens von Metternich

Raw materials (colonial empire), excellent transportation system via canals and rivers and later railroads, rise of capitalism, incentives for inventors (government rewards for new inventions), favorable government policies Industrialization took hold in France much later than Britain because of its relative lack of coal and iron deposits. As European countries extended the right to vote to more and more people, political parties had to appeal to more people to win. For example, liberals and conservatives had to incorporate more reforms because a lot of people wanted them. Teaches that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation

Utilitarianism Newcomen steam engine Middle class leisure culture Liberalism

2nd wave of industrialization Sergei Witte Impacts of railroads Klemens von Metternich