Revolutions of 1848 Irish potato famine 1800s-1900s social reforms Industrialization

Conservatism Industrialization Vulcanization Zollverein agreement

Provisional governments new constitution Utilitarianism Educational reforms Reasons for industrialization in Britain

British conservative that argued that authority and hierarchy was part of the natural order of the universe and if those are in place, everything is chill. Didn’t think people were capable of governing themselves. Distressed at Russias defeat in the Crimean war (lost because he sent untrained serfs to their slaughter and triggered a peasant revolt). To end the rebellion, he enacted potent liberal reforms. Emancipated the serfs, created independent courts, and modernized Russia's military by industrializing. He was assassinated because he angered the nobility Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production. Industrialization struggled to take root in places like Portugal, Spain, Southern Italy, and Greece because they lacked large deposits of coal and iron. And spain was devastated after the peninsular war and lacked a stable government. Plus elites have more government control and they didn’t like industrialization

For all three of these revolutions of 1848, liberal reforms were demanded but conservative forces crushed those demands. Many of these governments reacted by becoming even more conservative Restricted the total number of working hours for children under 13. Families ignored it because they really needed the money As European countries extended the right to vote to more and more people, political parties had to appeal to more people to win. For example, liberals and conservatives had to incorporate more reforms because a lot of people wanted them. Between 1870 and 1914, a second wave of industrialization spread throughout Europe. Main building material became steel instead of iron, and the main fuel source became gasoline and electricity rather than coal and steam.