AP Government duel

Caucus

Majority-minority districts drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority

Individualism the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

Critical elections sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

Legislative courts

Three-fifths compromise agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

Hate speech

Fiscal policy how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Politico

Policy evaluation

Advice and consent

Full faith and credit

Moderate person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

Candidate centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

Civil liberties constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

Popular Socereignty basic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power

Incorporation application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

Delegated powers powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution

Pardon a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

Keynesian economics the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

Natural rights

lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held

Open convention

Lobbying

On background information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

programs, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs

Independent executive agency

services performed by an elected official for constituents

Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

Federalist supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution

interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

independents people who have no party affiliation

Rider an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

Recall special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan

justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision

a speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light

Loose Constructionist the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

Open primary

Amicus curiae brief a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

Separation of powers practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

On the record information

a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

a solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)

Unfunded mandates mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views

a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Maintaining elections traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

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