AP Government duel

Electorate people qualified to vote

a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

Cooperative federalism "marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for

Caucus (congressional) a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

Filibuster

the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

Front loading the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

DC v. Heller (2008) Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

the percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common

Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches

On deep background

the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection

Miranda warning the warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights

a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed

Symbolic speech

Amicus curiae brief a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

Executive order

Incorporation application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

Leak an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government

Direct democracy democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy

Conference committee

Blanket primary

1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

congressional elections held between presidential elections

Expressed powers powers enumerated in the Constitution

all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

New Jersey v. TLO (1985) Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.

Maintaining elections traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

joint resolution

Realigning election when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

Lemon test test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent

Judicial restraint

a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

the person currently holding office

Progressive generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation

Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925)

Moderate person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

Supremacy clause

an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government

Floor leaders

Bench trial a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

Political action committees (PAC$) extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns

when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

On deep background information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

Politico

the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

a lengthy speech designed to delay the vote on a bill in the Senate; can be ended by a cloture motion and vote

Libertarianism people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

Bill of attainder a law that makes a person guilty of a crime without a trial; neither Congress nor the states can enact such a law Constitutionally

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