Single-member districts
only one representative is chosen from each legislative district
a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive
Referendum
a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct
Unitary system
a political system in which all power is derived from the central government
Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution
method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government
seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness
Reapportionment
redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution
Dissenting opinion
opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion
stare decisis
let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases
Good-faith exception
a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes?
Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.
Diplomacy
Hard money
money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal
Political party
Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government
Revolving
door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants
Liberal
a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending
General election
voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents
Straw Poll
a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes
New Jersey v. TLO (1985)
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"
Political culture
a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens
DC v. Heller (2008)
Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago
Primary election
nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election
those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights
Individualism
the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government
weak government
Veto
the president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress
SuperPAC
political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections
Unanimous consent
