sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions
Cooperative federalism"marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for
Lemon testtest standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent
Categorical grantsfederal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached
Media eventa speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light
Bill
under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws
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Caucus (congressional)a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share
Legislative vetowhen Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared
an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government
speech plusverbal and symbolic speech used together
Rule of four
justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision
Frozen!
Frozen!
Policy adoptionthe approval of a policy by legislation
Interest group
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Concurrent powersgovernmental powers shared by the federal and state governments
Frozen!
Frozen!
Conference committeea committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress
constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally
complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values
Dual Federalisma model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"
Incrementalismsmall changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase
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weak governmentgovernment that has limited control over economy or personal lives
Party dealignmentweakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties
Dissenting opinionopinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion
District courtslowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held
Representative democracycitizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic
Rideran addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own
Filibustera lengthy speech designed to delay the vote on a bill in the Senate; can be ended by a cloture motion and vote
Substantive due process
Devolutionan effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government
National debt
Diplomacythe conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations
Due process
Independent executive agencyan agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president
Reserved powersunder the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people
Select committeea temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees
Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)
Commerce and slave trade compromise
Pluralist theory of democracy
using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea
Coattaileffect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most
Categorical grantsfederal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached
Frozen!
Frozen!
Legislative vetowhen Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared
Gerrymanderingdrawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another
Bicameral legislaturea two-house legislature
Senatorial courtesythe practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts
Frozen!
Frozen!
distribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state
Impeachmentbringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives
Policy adoptionthe approval of a policy by legislation
Concurrent jurisdictionjurisdiction the authority to hear cases is shared by federal and state courts
Cloturea method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster
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a type of federalism that deals with the flow of funds through grants and other means from the federal government to the states
Moderate
Grants-in-aidprograms, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs
Direct democracydemocracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy
Recess appointment
Deficit
Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracyseen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness
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supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution