Cloturea method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster
DC v. Heller (2008)Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago
those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may
national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states
Briefa written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit
Procedural Due Process
verbal and symbolic speech used together
a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"
a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted
Policy adoption
Platform
in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation
Good-faith exception
Bicameral legislaturea two-house legislature
Unitary system
justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision
Discharge petition
Cabinetgovernment departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity
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Open primary
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Logrolling
information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source
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Boost!
Split-ticket votingvoting for candidates from more than one party in the same election
Interest groupa group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy
an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government
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Boost!
citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials;
Off year election
Appellate courtscourts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law
allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge
Direct primaryparty members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election
original jurisdictionthe first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government
action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship
services performed by an elected official for constituents
Extraditionstates may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor
resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years
Courts of Appeal
Free rideran individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation
Pardona convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national
Loose Constructionistthe belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution
Policy formulationthe development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes?The government cannot exert prior restraint.
Bill of attainder
Logrolling
Markup
under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people
Dual Federalisma model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"
a written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit
Prince v. Massachusetts
Amicus curiae briefa brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"
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Issue networksthe numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles
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Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent
Individualismthe belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government
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Senatorial courtesythe practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts
Deviating electionminority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters
weak governmentgovernment that has limited control over economy or personal lives
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Categorical grantsfederal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached
Trusteeafter listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions
basic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power
Keynesian economics
Constituent
Fighting wordsspeech that is likely to bring about public disorder or chaos; may be banned in public places to ensure the preservation of public order