AP Government duel

Expressed powers

Unfunded mandates

De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

Free rider

Patronage the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

Judicial Review Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states

District courts lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held

corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service

a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion.

1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

Constituent all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members

At-large all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

Judicial review authority given the courts to review the constitutionality of acts by the executive, states, or the

Federal budget amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

Amicus curiae brief a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

Public opinion a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Motor Voter Law allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

Political socialization

Electorate people qualified to vote

executive privilege

Discrimination unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

Elite Theory of Democracy the idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization

Filibuster

Revolving door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants

equality of opportunity everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

Political efficacy belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

On background

determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

Judicial restraint

Constituent

an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

Party machine a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

Oversight Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent

writ of habeas corpus

Political agenda issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power

Precedent

writ of certiorari

Civil liberties constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

Due process

a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Full faith and credit

Straw Poll

Caucus locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

War Powers Act of 1973 a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension

Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

Policy adoption the approval of a policy by legislation

Reserved powers under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people

Ex post facto law a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed

Majority opinion the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

End this game?