Margin of error the percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common
Frozen!
Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
government corporation corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service
Elite Theory of Democracy
General election voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents
Strict constitutionalist
gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause
Exit poll
Gerrymandering drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another
Advice and consent the Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties
traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty
Privileges and Immunities Clause states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes? Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.
executive privilege a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers
Front loading
Closed convention a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries
The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.
Federalism a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states
Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction
a rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment
Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government
Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights
Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government
Grants-in-aid
The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright
Apportionment distribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state
joint resolution A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president
Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment
Fiscal federalism
the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government
Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions
North American Free Trade Agreement
Frozen!
Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
Executive order
double jeopardy a rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment
Pardon a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national
Discretionary spending federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees
Federal budget decicit the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue
Politico a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)
speech plus verbal and symbolic speech used together
Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government
SuperPAC
Opinion leaders
issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power
Discharge petition
agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives
Judicial Review Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison
Incumbency effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office
Natural rights
Connecticut (Great) Compromise settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate
Closed convention a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries
Fiscal federalism a type of federalism that deals with the flow of funds through grants and other means from the federal government to the states
person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies
Impeachment bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives
Boost!
Boost!
Cabinet
Separation of powers practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches
Pocket veto when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law
Lemon v. Kurtzman
Elite Theory of Democracy
Three-fifths compromise agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation
Symbolic speech
Incorrect!
Incorrect!
Player 1 wins!

Player 2 wins!
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