AP Government duel

Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster

DC v. Heller (2008) Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states

Brief a written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit

Procedural Due Process

verbal and symbolic speech used together

a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted

Policy adoption

Platform

in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

Good-faith exception

Bicameral legislature a two-house legislature

Unitary system

justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision

Discharge petition

Cabinet government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity

Open primary

Logrolling

information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

Interest group a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government

citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials;

Off year election

Appellate courts courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

Direct primary party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

original jurisdiction the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship

services performed by an elected official for constituents

Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

Courts of Appeal

Free rider an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

Pardon a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

Loose Constructionist the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

Policy formulation the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes? The government cannot exert prior restraint.

Bill of attainder

Logrolling

Markup

under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people

Dual Federalism a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

a written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit

Prince v. Massachusetts

Amicus curiae brief a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

Issue networks the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles

Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent

Individualism the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

Senatorial courtesy the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

Deviating election minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters

weak government government that has limited control over economy or personal lives

Categorical grants federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

Trustee after listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions

basic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power

Keynesian economics

Constituent

Fighting words speech that is likely to bring about public disorder or chaos; may be banned in public places to ensure the preservation of public order

End this game?