Direct democracydemocracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy
Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.
Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracyseen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness
Moderate
Caseworkservices performed by an elected official for constituents
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Civil rightspositive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.
when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary
independentspeople who have no party affiliation
Gatekeepersmedia executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented
Ratification
weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties
Executive agreement
Limited Governmenta governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority
Good-faith exception
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constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally
Republic
practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches
belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking
Policy adoptionthe approval of a policy by legislation
Rules committeedetermines the rules for debate for bills in the House
writ of certioraria formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case
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citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic
Primary electionnominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election
Marble vs. layer cake federalismMarble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas
small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase
when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law
Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale
President Pro Temporeserves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority
At-largeall the voters of a state or county elect their representative
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Discharge petitiona device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes
belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking
Constituencyservice casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members
Maintaining electionstraditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty
Gerrymanderingdrawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another
Powell v. Alabama (1932)The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright
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Markuprewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it
an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election
Roe v. Wade (1973)The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.
War Powers Act of 1973a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension
Pluralist theory of democracyinterest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts
Mandates
Politicoa member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)
a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure
Constitutionthe document setting forth the laws and principles of the government; a plan for government
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Split-ticket votingvoting for candidates from more than one party in the same election
Rideran addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own
Apportionmentdistribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state
Legislative courtscourts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term
Realignmenta shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support
Appellate jurisdiction
nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election
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Regressive tax
Appellate courtscourts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law
Exclusionary rulethat evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized
Barnettte v. McColumm
Federal systema political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government
Party dealignmentweakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties
Loose Constructionist
Privileges and Immunities Clausestates are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states