AP Government duel

Oversight Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent

Patronage the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

Federal budget

Deregulation

National debt amount of money owed by the government

Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

Policy implementation

Line item veto

Bill of attainder a law that makes a person guilty of a crime without a trial; neither Congress nor the states can enact such a law Constitutionally

Public policy

conformity to social norms and values, tough on criminals

Articles of Confederation

Libertarianism people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

Off year election an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election

"marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for

nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Unanimous consent an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

Front loading the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

Constituent

New Jersey v. TLO (1985) Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Blanket primary

Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives

Strict constitutionalist the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

Issue networks

Cabinet

Revolving

government corporation

grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Gatekeepers

War Powers Act of 1973 a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension

information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Cooperative federalism

Legislative courts

a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

the Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties

those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

Majority-minority districts drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority

Keynesian economics the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

Appellate jurisdiction

Strict constitutionalist the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

Mandatory spending spending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments

Full faith and credit

Grants-in-aid programs, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs

Soft money

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Gerrymandering

Joint committee a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment

to social norms and values, tough on criminals

belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

Unanimous consent an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

Progressive generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation

positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.

Random sampling a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

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