AP Government duel

Incrementalism

opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Federal system

Popular Socereignty

Judicial restraint holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

Constitution

Prospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views

independents people who have no party affiliation

Dealignment when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party

Reserved powers under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people

North American Free Trade Agreement created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs

Straw Poll

Oversight

Subsidy

Nonpartisan election an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

Get-out-the-vote

Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause) gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause

a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Civil liberties constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

verbal and symbolic speech used together

DC v. Heller (2008)

information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

effect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most

Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members

a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

Agenda setting identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve

Voter turnout the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Caucus (congressional) a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

Powell v. Alabama (1932)

after listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions

an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

Independent executive agency an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

double jeopardy

a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

Filibuster a lengthy speech designed to delay the vote on a bill in the Senate; can be ended by a cloture motion and vote

General election

Hard money money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal

Party dealignment

Diplomacy the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Free rider

Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

economic policy in which the money supply is controlled through the Federal Reserve

mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

Maintaining elections traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

weak government

Supremacy clause national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states

Earmark a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

original jurisdiction

Bill a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion.

Mandates requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

Hate speech offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment

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