AP Government duel

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Line item veto the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

Mandates requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

Independent executive agency

Dealigning election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or

tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

On deep background

Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster

Anti-Federalists

Soft money money used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission

Retrospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances

Ratification

Symbolic speech using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

Legislative courts courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term

Administrative Discretion the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

Block grants

Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

US Gov needs to at least have a hearing to determine a war prisoner's charge

Loose Constructionist

a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Separation of powers practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

Bill a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion.

centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

Mass media

Divided government one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

Declaration of Independence

a government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy

Incrementalism small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase

Progressive generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation

conformity to social norms and values, tough on criminals

Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

Veto the president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress

Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Dual Federalism a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

Privileges and Immunities Clause states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

Constituency

Direct democracy

Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

Mass media all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

Caucus locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

Legislative courts courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term

double jeopardy a rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment

Categorical grants

Line item veto the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

Political action committees (PAC$)

Open primary

Strict constitutionalist the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

representatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president

Prospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views

Caucus (congressional) a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

Closed rule a rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered

End this game?