AP Government duel

Mass media all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

Agenda setting identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve

Blanket primary

Articles of Confederation the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent

service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

Ideology a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals

Trial balloon

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)

On the record information

the warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Amendment a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution

Political efficacy belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

Coattail

Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

Direct primary

sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally

Interest group a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

Candidate

Political action committees (PAC$)

Loose Constructionist

Joint committee a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation

one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

Delegated powers powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution

written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

Majority opinion the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

jurisdiction the authority to hear cases is shared by federal and state courts

Oversight Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent

Participatory democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials;

Incumbency

Loose Constructionist the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

Get-out-the-vote a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

Pocket veto when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law

Judicial branch responsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district

Front loading the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

Midterm elections congressional elections held between presidential elections

Hyde Amendment (1976)

Moderate person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

De jure segregation segregation segregation that results from law

Mass media all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

Agenda setting

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

Earmark

Monetary policy economic policy in which the money supply is controlled through the Federal Reserve

Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

Margin of error the percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common

Blanket primary a primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another

Opinion leaders those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

Individualism the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

Exit poll

Rule of four

Honeymoon period the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

On deep background information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

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