AP Government duel

Rider an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

Betts v. Brady (1942) Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

Revolving door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants

prohibits the establishment of a national religion

speech plus

the percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common

Dealigning

Participatory democracy

Administrative Discretion the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation

voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances

Open rule

Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Electoral College representatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president

Hamdi v. Rumsfield (2004)

On the record information provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

Maintaining elections

segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

Appellate jurisdiction jurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears

Unanimous consent

party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

Elite Theory of Democracy the idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization

Natural rights basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny

North American Free Trade Agreement

Soft money

Deficit government spending exceeds revenue

Due process protection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments

Monetary policy economic policy in which the money supply is controlled through the Federal Reserve

Caucus (congressional) a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

Reserved powers under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people

Federal system

interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Progressive tax

Agenda setting

refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

Prospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views

a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

Connecticut (Great) Compromise settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

Joint committee a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation

Delegated powers powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution

Platform a statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank

Politico a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

Coattail effect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most

De facto segregation

a government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy

party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

Earmark a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

Mandatory spending spending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments

Powell v. Alabama (1932) The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

Straight-ticket voting

Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

speech that is likely to bring about public disorder or chaos; may be banned in public places to ensure the preservation of public order

End this game?