Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment
a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster
Incrementalism
small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase
after listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions
Dual Federalism
a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"
Pluralist theory of democracy
Agenda setting
identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve
Extradition
states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor
redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution
Eminent domain
allows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid
Conference committee
Gerrymandering
drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another
Policy adoption
the approval of a policy by legislation
Powell v. Alabama (1932)
The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright
belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking
Categorical grants
federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached
Politics
method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government
a lengthy speech designed to delay the vote on a bill in the Senate; can be ended by a cloture motion and vote
Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause)
gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause
Voter turnout
the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot
Lemon v. Kurtzman
Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.
a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation
pork-barrel legislation
legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection
weak government
a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy
Affirmative action
a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions
Independent executive agency
an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president
Due process
Expressed powers
powers enumerated in the Constitution
Executive order
action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review
