AP Government duel

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Plurality vote electoral process in which the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate is elected

Grants-in-aid

Conservative a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Select committee a temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees

Appellate courts courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

Mass media

government corporation corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service

Majority-minority districts drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority

governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments

Incumbency effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law

Government the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy

Full faith and credit clause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4

Commerce and slave trade compromise resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

determines the rules for debate for bills in the House

Earmark a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

Gatekeepers media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

Congressional review

Courts of Appeal

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes? Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.

centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

Ratification method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

On background

attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Primary election nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers

Commerce and slave trade compromise

Hate speech offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment

a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

Three-fifths compromise agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

Party machine a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

Pure speech

Line item veto

Straight-ticket voting

when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

Nonpartisan election an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

Logrolling the exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills

Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

Majority leader the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

Whip

federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

Midterm elections

Separation of powers practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Electorate

The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

Standing committee

method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures

Brief a written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit

End this game?