Single-member districtsonly one representative is chosen from each legislative district
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a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive
Referenduma general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct
Unitary systema political system in which all power is derived from the central government
Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution
method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government
seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness
Reapportionmentredistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution
Dissenting opinionopinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion
stare decisislet the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases
Good-faith exceptiona rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes?Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.
Diplomacy
Hard moneymoney used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal
Political partyVoluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government
Revolvingdoor the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants
Liberala person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending
General electionvoters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents
Straw Polla poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes
New Jersey v. TLO (1985)
New York Times Co. v. SullivanThe Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"
Political culturea set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens
DC v. Heller (2008)Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago
Primary electionnominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election
those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights
Individualismthe belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government
weak government
Vetothe president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress
SuperPACpolitical organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections
Unanimous consent
Good-faith exceptiona rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio
Direct primaryparty members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election
a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll
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Opinion leaders
Nonpartisan electionan election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation
Progressive
writ of habeas corpusa court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released
Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.
Retrospectivevoting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances
District courtslowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held
Constitution
a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation
Elite Theory of Democracythe idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization
Strict constitutionalistthe view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution
Billa draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion.
Caucuslocally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office
Hyde Amendment (1976)
independents
Critical electionssharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions
Media eventa speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light
Incorporationapplication of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment
a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues
government corporation
redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution
verbal and symbolic speech used together
Off year electionan election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election
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Pure speech
Natural rights
Impoundmentrefusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name