AP Government duel

one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

Diplomacy the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

Rules committee

pork-barrel legislation legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection

a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

Delegate

Elite Theory of Democracy the idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization

Judicial branch responsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district

Hamdi v. Rumsfield (2004) US Gov needs to at least have a hearing to determine a war prisoner's charge

Floor leaders direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

Judicial review

the warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights

Three-fifths compromise

original jurisdiction the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

Procedural Due Process method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures

election commission

a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

Separation of powers practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925) States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Deregulation the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers

Executive order action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Issue networks the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles

Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

President Pro Tempore

Reapportionment

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

Oversight Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent

Mandates

Precedent standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes

federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Open convention a party national convention at which no candidate has won a majority of the delegates in the primaries; the candidate is chosen by the convention

Concurrent jurisdiction jurisdiction the authority to hear cases is shared by federal and state courts

Supremacy clause national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states

Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

Political efficacy belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent

Exit poll a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted

clause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4

information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

Prince v. Massachusetts

Divided government

New Jersey v. TLO (1985) Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.

Appellate jurisdiction

Lemon v. Kurtzman Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns

Political party Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

Articles of Confederation

Pluralist theory of democracy

Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

amount of money owed by the government

Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

Substantive due process the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

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