AP Government duel

Nonpartisan election an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

Public opinion a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Liberal a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending

Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

Cloture

Supremacy clause national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states

Articles of Confederation the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

Unfunded mandates mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

Joint committee a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation

Three-fifths compromise

the exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills

Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

Politico

Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

Declaration of Independence drafted in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain

amount of money owed by the government

Full faith and credit

the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles

Blanket primary

Natural rights

Judicial branch responsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district

North American Free Trade Agreement created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs

Hate speech offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment

Reapportionment redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

Subsidy

the percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common

Coattail effect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most

an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Rules committee determines the rules for debate for bills in the House

Candidate

Majority leader the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Independent regulatory agency an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term

Articles of Confederation

Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

Conservative a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

people qualified to vote

Marble vs. layer cake federalism

Advice and consent the Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties

Substantive due process the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

Privileges and Immunities Clause states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

Rider an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

independents people who have no party affiliation

Senatorial courtesy the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

End this game?