AP Government duel

Free rider an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

At-large all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

Rules committee determines the rules for debate for bills in the House

belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

Whip

Lemon v. Kurtzman

Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Gerrymandering

Procedural Due Process

a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

Anti-Federalists

Devolution

Strict constitutionalist

Limited Government

Ex post facto law a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed

SuperPAC

Markup rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it

Deficit

Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

Constitution the document setting forth the laws and principles of the government; a plan for government

Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale

Libertarianism people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

Random sampling a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

stare decisis let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

Checks and balances a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

executive privilege a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

Nonpartisan election

writ of certiorari

DC v. Heller (2008)

Discrimination

Impoundment refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Voter turnout the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

Line item veto the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Caucus locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

Procedural Due Process method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures

Due process protection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments

powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

Mandates requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

Exclusionary rule that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Public policy the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society

Dealigning

the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment

resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

Concurrent jurisdiction jurisdiction the authority to hear cases is shared by federal and state courts

Supremacy clause

End this game?