Retrospectivevoting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances
The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright
Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright
Concurrent powersgovernmental powers shared by the federal and state governments
Iron trianglealliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees
DC v. Heller (2008)Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago
Betts v. Brady (1942)Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer
Boost!
Boost!
citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic
speech plusverbal and symbolic speech used together
the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional
Gatekeepersmedia executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented
Great compromise
Constituencyservice casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members
Natural rights
Party realignmenta shift in voter loyalty in response to critical events; 1932 election of FD Roosevelt
to social norms and values, tough on criminals
Closed conventiona party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries
when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary
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Boost!
Constituent
an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation
an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation
Expressed powerspowers enumerated in the Constitution
Public opiniona collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy
Checks and balances
Appellate jurisdictionjurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears
North American Free Trade Agreementcreated to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs
Frozen!
Frozen!
Administrative Discretion
Mass mediaall forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population
Frozen!
Frozen!
people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,
a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government
Honeymoon periodthe time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public
franking privilege
Front loadingthe practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election
Equal Protection Clause
Betts v. Brady (1942)Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer
Exit poll
national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states
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Boost!
Representative democracycitizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic
Deregulation
all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population
Party dealignmentweakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties
Bill of Rights
alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees
DC v. Heller (2008)Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago
Natural rightsbasic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny
voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election
Progressivegenerally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation
independentspeople who have no party affiliation
Boost!
Boost!
a party national convention at which no candidate has won a majority of the delegates in the primaries; the candidate is chosen by the convention
Procedural due processConstitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.
Advice and consentthe Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties
Great compromisea solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)
direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate
Majority leader
Joint committeea committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation
Cloture
Frozen!
Frozen!
a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party
federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees