conformity
to social norms and values, tough on criminals
identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve
Unanimous consent
Appellate courts
citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials;
Candidate
Conservative
a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,
speech plus
verbal and symbolic speech used together
Symbolic speech
using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea
Substantive due process
the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections
a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy
Elastic clause
the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers
Deregulation
the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers
Politics
method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government
government spending exceeds revenue
Retrospective
voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances
action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review
Bench trial
a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability
Pluralist theory of democracy
Off year election
a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party
Free rider
an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation
Miranda warning
At-large
all the voters of a state or county elect their representative
Public opinion
a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy
Recess appointment
a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation
On deep background
information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source
Anti-Federalists
those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights
Bicameral legislature
a two-house legislature
Prospective voting
a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views
