agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate
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Frozen!
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Boost!
Fiscal federalisma type of federalism that deals with the flow of funds through grants and other means from the federal government to the states
Discriminationunfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership
Mandatory spendingspending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments
a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes
Subsidya sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive
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Congressional reviewCongress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution
War Powers Act of 1973a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension
Gender gap
Affirmative action
Exit polla poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted
Policy formulationthe development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda
a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio
people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,
the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public
OversightCongress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent
pork-barrel legislation
Democracya system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation
Impeachmentbringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives
Great compromisea solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)
amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year
Policy implementationcarrying out a policy through government agencies and courts
grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions
lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held
locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office
Political action committees (PAC$)extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns
Marble vs. layer cake federalismMarble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas
service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members
Pardon
Categorical grantsfederal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached
Procedural due process
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Boost!
Majority-minority districts
Powell v. Alabama (1932)The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright
Discretionary spendingfederal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees
serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority
Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder
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Limited Government
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment
Appellate jurisdictionjurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears
Open primarya primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party
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pork-barrel legislationlegislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection
a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released
Federal budget
Three-fifths compromise
responsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district
Bicameral legislature
Amendmenta revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution
A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president
Moderateperson whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies
common policy concerns
Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright
lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held
powers that the Constitution specifically grants to the federal government
Rule of foura rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case
Deficitgovernment spending exceeds revenue
Gerrymanderingdrawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another
Progressive taxa tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example
Courts of Appealfederal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts
New Jersey v. TLO (1985)
Floor leadersdirect majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate