Open rule
a government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy
Leak
an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government
tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction
a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio
a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states
Ex post facto law
Closed convention
a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries
the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public
Prince v. Massachusetts
Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder
federal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts
Symbolic speech
using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea
writ of habeas corpus
the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue
Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)
Betts v. Brady (1942)
Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer
Inherent powers
Incumbency
effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office
government corporation
Powell v. Alabama (1932)
The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright
Affirmative action
a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions
Ratification
method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law
Legislative veto
when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared
a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation
Libertarianism
people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,
Implied powers
powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause
Plurality vote
Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago
writ of certiorari
a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).
