Concurrent jurisdiction
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a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions
Constituency service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members
Policy adoption the approval of a policy by legislation
Good-faith exception a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio
Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government
Opinion leaders those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may
Exclusionary rule
a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy
Leak
a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed
National debt amount of money owed by the government
Standing committee a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area
joint resolution A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president
Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case
Soft money
Due process
Earmark a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure
Commerce and slave trade compromise
Subsidy
Amendment a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution
Individualism the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government
Joint committee a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation
Open rule in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation
powers that the Constitution specifically grants to the federal government
Nonpartisan election an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation
Categorical grants
government that has limited control over economy or personal lives
Caucus
Gatekeepers media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented
Hate speech
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common policy concerns an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest
Logrolling
New Jersey v. TLO (1985) Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.
National debt amount of money owed by the government
Independent regulatory agency an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term
On deep background
prohibits the establishment of a national religion
false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation
District courts lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held
democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy
Honeymoon period the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public
Incumbency effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office
basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny
War Powers Act of 1973 a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension
Prospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views
segregation that results from living patterns rather than law
Voter turnout the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot
Legislative veto when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared
Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns
Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices
Closed primary a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party
gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause
Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues
Nonpartisan election an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation
Courts of Appeal federal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts
Whip
Discharge petition a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes
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