Incrementalismsmall changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase
Frozen!
Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
joint resolution
Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.
Boost!
Boost!
a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government
Affirmative actiona program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions
Frozen!
Frozen!
Single-member districts
Veto
Party dealignment
On background
Runoff primarywhen no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary
everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts
Extradition
Progressive taxa tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example
Bench triala trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability
Barnettte v. McColummUpholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale
Independent executive agencyan agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president
Gender gap
Cloturea method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster
independentspeople who have no party affiliation
a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party
a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive
Declaration of Independence
service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members
an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term
Good-faith exceptiona rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio
people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,
Platform
Direct primaryparty members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election
Majority-minority districts
Referenduma general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct
Dual Federalism
Frozen!
Frozen!
Earmarka designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure
Bill of attainder
Grassroots lobbyingorganizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy
Realignmenta shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support
Select committeea temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees
Betts v. Brady (1942)Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer
Issue networks
holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution
election commissiona commission delegated to supervise an election
Federal questiona question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties
Entitlementgovernment benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status
Boost!
Boost!
corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service
the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government
Frozen!
Frozen!
conformityto social norms and values, tough on criminals
Discrimination
settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate
Boost!
Boost!
serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority
locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office
Political socialization
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes?
a two-house legislature
Cloturea method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster
Separation of powerspractice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches
Deviating electionminority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters
Party machinea political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt
a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government
Maintaining electionstraditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty
the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government
Open primarya primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party