AP Government duel

Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Impoundment refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term

the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members

Coattail effect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most

Deregulation

Conservative a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

Floor leaders direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

Realigning election when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election

Judicial branch

Exit poll

the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

Ideology a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals

Miranda warning the warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights

Incumbent

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

Establishment clause prohibits the establishment of a national religion

Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Bill of attainder a law that makes a person guilty of a crime without a trial; neither Congress nor the states can enact such a law Constitutionally

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

Apportionment

The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

executive privilege

District courts lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held

DC v. Heller (2008)

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

a temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees

election commission a commission delegated to supervise an election

Socialism

Constituent all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members

SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Limited Government a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

Filibuster

when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election

Veto

citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Monetary policy

Commerce and slave trade compromise resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

Motor Voter Law allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

common policy concerns an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

prohibits the establishment of a national religion

governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments

Political ideology a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

Reserved powers

corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service

Random sampling a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

Superdelegates

Grants-in-aid programs, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs

Substantive due process the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

weak government government that has limited control over economy or personal lives

End this game?