AP Government duel

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Conference committee a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

Critical elections sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

Opinion leaders those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

Connecticut (Great) Compromise

Courts of Appeal

Appellate jurisdiction jurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears

government spending exceeds revenue

Devolution

Random sampling

Recall

Exclusionary rule

segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

Electoral College representatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president

Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent

Federalism a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Party dealignment weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

Administrative Discretion the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending

Entitlement government benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status

Direct democracy

Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

Divided government one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

Precedent

Open primary a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

determines the rules for debate for bills in the House

Retrospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances

method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government

Libertarianism people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

Off year election an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election

Legislative veto

a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

Concurrent jurisdiction

Cloture

New Jersey v. TLO (1985) Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.

Reserved powers under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people

locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

Get-out-the-vote a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

a two-house legislature

Establishment clause prohibits the establishment of a national religion

Judicial Review Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

Select committee a temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees

Fiscal federalism

Diplomacy

Apportionment distribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state

Judicial restraint

writ of certiorari a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

government corporation corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service

election commission a commission delegated to supervise an election

a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Discretionary spending

Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

Powell v. Alabama (1932) The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

Direct primary

spending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments

Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

Cabinet government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity

End this game?