President Pro Temporeserves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority
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an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest
Implied powers
Participatory democracy
a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support
De facto segregationsegregation that results from living patterns rather than law
a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share
Runoff primarywhen no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary
Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).
Federal budget
Connecticut (Great) Compromisesettled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate
Closed conventiona party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries
Bench triala trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability
Party realignmenta shift in voter loyalty in response to critical events; 1932 election of FD Roosevelt
Gridlock
justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision
Caucus
Majority-minority districts
a law that makes a person guilty of a crime without a trial; neither Congress nor the states can enact such a law Constitutionally
Prospective votinga method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views
Gerrymandering
Exit poll
Straw Poll
double jeopardy
unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership
Procedural Due Processmethod of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures
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Unfunded mandates
Socialism
Public policythe exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society
Diplomacythe conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations
Constituency
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Good-faith exceptiona rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio
agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation
Constitution
Incumbentthe person currently holding office
Pluralist theory of democracyinterest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts
Equal Protection Clauseconstitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally
Majority opinionthe majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision
Divided governmentone party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress
Deregulationthe process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers
action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review
pork-barrel legislationlegislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection
Realignmenta shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support
Independent regulatory agency
Filibustera lengthy speech designed to delay the vote on a bill in the Senate; can be ended by a cloture motion and vote
Substantive due process
Libertarianismpeople who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,
Patronagethe system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party
Dual Federalism
Closed conventiona party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries
Gender gapa situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues
Political agendaissues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power
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General electionvoters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents
Courts of Appealfederal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts
Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)
determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight
Revolvingdoor the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants
locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office
Keynesian economicsthe belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation
Electoral Collegerepresentatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president