Political ideology
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Patronage
Incumbent
Natural rights basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny
Ex post facto law a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed
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Frozen!
Congressional oversight
Delegated powers
action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship
Regressive tax a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive
test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent
Establishment clause
At-large all the voters of a state or county elect their representative
Electorate people qualified to vote
a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation
Coattail
Agenda setting
DC v. Heller (2008) Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago
Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation
Grants-in-aid programs, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs
seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness
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Frozen!
Senatorial courtesy the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts
Fiscal policy how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy
Pardon a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national
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drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another
the approval of a policy by legislation
Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation
the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles
Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government
Dealigning election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or
Mass media all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population
Pardon
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special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term
representatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president
the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election
belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking
Margin of error the percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common
Majority leader
Reserved powers under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people
Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues
Judicial Review Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison
Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives
writ of certiorari a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case
jurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears
DC v. Heller (2008) Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago
Liberal
action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review
bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives
Gridlock
one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress
De jure segregation segregation segregation that results from law
Checks and balances
Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election
Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment
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national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states
writ of habeas corpus
Block grants
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government corporation corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service
equality of opportunity everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts
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Frozen!
Public policy the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society
Maintaining elections traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty
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