AP Government duel

Discrimination

Leak an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government

Incrementalism

writ of certiorari

a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

Congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation

a shift in voter loyalty in response to critical events; 1932 election of FD Roosevelt

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Discharge petition a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes

method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

Bench trial a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

Executive agreement agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

Deficit government spending exceeds revenue

Filibuster a lengthy speech designed to delay the vote on a bill in the Senate; can be ended by a cloture motion and vote

Party machine a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

Republic

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

Separation of powers practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

Pardon a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

Diplomacy the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

Appellate courts courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

Loose Constructionist the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

Natural rights basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy

Connecticut (Great) Compromise settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

Interest group

Miranda warning

Policy adoption the approval of a policy by legislation

weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or

Apportionment distribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state

the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society

independents

Government the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy

Reserved powers

the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

Inherent powers powers powers, usually claimed by the president, that are implied but not specifically stated in the Constitution or are derived from the office

Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

Delegated powers

Diplomacy

Logrolling the exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills

Marble vs. layer cake federalism

Interest group a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy

an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

Independent regulatory agency an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term

Politics method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government

the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers

Constitution the document setting forth the laws and principles of the government; a plan for government

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes? Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.

Front loading the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Amendment

Bill of Rights

the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

Blanket primary

Free exercise clause

action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

End this game?