AP Government duel

powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

Expressed powers

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Moderate

Direct democracy

Logrolling the exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills

Midterm elections congressional elections held between presidential elections

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Caucus (congressional)

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

Caucus locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

Critical elections sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

Voter turnout the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

Concurring opinion justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision

common policy concerns an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

National debt amount of money owed by the government

Markup rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it

Deviating election minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters

Federal budget amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

Enumerated powers powers that the Constitution specifically grants to the federal government

when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election

Mass media all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

Establishment clause

a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

conformity to social norms and values, tough on criminals

Policy adoption

Connecticut (Great) Compromise settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation

a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Standing committee

Pardon

Exit poll

Trustee after listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions

Fighting words

Procedural Due Process method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures

Cooperative federalism

Implied powers

the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment

Opinion leaders those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

Constitution the document setting forth the laws and principles of the government; a plan for government

equality of opportunity everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

Courts of Appeal federal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts

a party national convention at which no candidate has won a majority of the delegates in the primaries; the candidate is chosen by the convention

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

Separation of powers practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power

Lemon v. Kurtzman

states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Keynesian economics

Joint committee a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation

a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

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