AP Government duel

Referendum a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

Separation of powers practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

Gridlock

Participatory democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials;

Runoff primary when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

people who have no party affiliation

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes?

Incumbent the person currently holding office

On background

party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

Bench trial

the approval of a policy by legislation

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

Equal Protection Clause

Trial balloon

Divided government

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes? Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.

people qualified to vote

joint resolution A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president

Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Judicial review

Concurrent powers governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments

Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

Straw Poll a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

Logrolling

Federal budget amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

National debt amount of money owed by the government

when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party

franking privilege

electoral process in which the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate is elected

Government the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment

Keynesian economics

Legislative veto when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared

an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

the document setting forth the laws and principles of the government; a plan for government

Legislative Branch under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

At-large all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale

Independent regulatory agency an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term

basic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power

Margin of error

Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

Supremacy clause national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states

Amendment a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution

Incrementalism small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase

Line item veto

a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

writ of certiorari

Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925)

Divided government one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

Equal Protection Clause

all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members

On the record information

Impoundment refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

Soft money

Three-fifths compromise agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

prohibits the establishment of a national religion

Coattail effect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most

End this game?