AP Government duel

agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

Fiscal federalism a type of federalism that deals with the flow of funds through grants and other means from the federal government to the states

Discrimination unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Mandatory spending spending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments

a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes

Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

War Powers Act of 1973 a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension

Gender gap

Affirmative action

Exit poll a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted

Policy formulation the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio

people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

Oversight Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent

pork-barrel legislation

Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Impeachment bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives

Great compromise a solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)

amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held

locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

Political action committees (PAC$) extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns

Marble vs. layer cake federalism Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

Pardon

Categorical grants federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

Procedural due process

Majority-minority districts

Powell v. Alabama (1932) The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

Discretionary spending federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Limited Government

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment

Appellate jurisdiction jurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears

Open primary a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

pork-barrel legislation legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection

a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

Federal budget

Three-fifths compromise

responsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district

Bicameral legislature

Amendment a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution

A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president

Moderate person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

common policy concerns

Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held

powers that the Constitution specifically grants to the federal government

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

Deficit government spending exceeds revenue

Gerrymandering drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

Courts of Appeal federal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts

New Jersey v. TLO (1985)

Floor leaders direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

End this game?