Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction
Frozen!
Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
Direct democracy democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy
Dealignment
nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes?
stare decisis let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases
Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.
Natural rights basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny
SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections
Recall
Good-faith exception
Margin of error the percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common
Brief
Progressive generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation
Ratification method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law
Independent executive agency
writ of certiorari
Boost!
Boost!
District courts lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held
Appellate courts
Liberal
a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national
voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances
prior restraint action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship
Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction
Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation
Monetary policy economic policy in which the money supply is controlled through the Federal Reserve
a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)
Powell v. Alabama (1932) The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright
weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties
Straw Poll a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes
Supremacy clause national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states
Frozen!
Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
Delegated powers
one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress
Elastic clause
Free rider
Political action committees (PAC$)
Equal Protection Clause constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally
Open convention
President Pro Tempore
Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive
Dealigning
Open primary a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party
On background
a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed
Midterm elections congressional elections held between presidential elections
the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution
Candidate centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation
Boost!
Boost!
Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions
Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts
Politico a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)
Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation
Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause)
Maintaining elections traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty
Superdelegates party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses
Prince v. Massachusetts Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder
Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights
voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election
Limited Government a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority
Great compromise
Public opinion a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy
Incorrect!
Incorrect!
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