AP Government duel

Trustee

War Powers Act of 1973 a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension

Pardon a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

Implied powers powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term

Regressive tax a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Conference committee a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Blanket primary a primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another

a written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit

Judicial restraint holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

Margin of error

Rider

De jure segregation segregation segregation that results from law

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment

a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

Direct democracy

Individualism the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

Precedent

writ of certiorari a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

Civil liberties

Open convention a party national convention at which no candidate has won a majority of the delegates in the primaries; the candidate is chosen by the convention

Eminent domain allows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid

Marble vs. layer cake federalism

conformity

Constituency service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

Electorate people qualified to vote

a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches

Majority-minority districts drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority

a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law

Dual Federalism a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

Brief a written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives

Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

Deficit

Federal budget amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Individualism

the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

Policy adoption the approval of a policy by legislation

Exclusionary rule that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized

Legislative veto when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared

Mass media all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

Due process protection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments

the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

Political ideology

On background information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

executive privilege a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

End this game?