AP Government duel

the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Incumbent the person currently holding office

Advice and consent the Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties

Constituent all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members

double jeopardy

Closed primary a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party

the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

election commission a commission delegated to supervise an election

an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

On the record information provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

Gridlock

Select committee

Opinion leaders those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

Devolution an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government

Amicus curiae brief

Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

Roe v. Wade (1973) The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

Legislative Branch under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

On deep background information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

responsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

services performed by an elected official for constituents

Impeachment bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives

Prince v. Massachusetts Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder

the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

Moderate person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or

Amicus curiae brief

Get-out-the-vote a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

Participatory democracy

Reapportionment

Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.

Advice and consent the Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties

the warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights

Substantive due process the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

spending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments

effect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most

Standing committee

Libertarianism people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

Party realignment a shift in voter loyalty in response to critical events; 1932 election of FD Roosevelt

Political socialization complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity

an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

At-large all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

speech plus verbal and symbolic speech used together

Maintaining elections traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

Majority-minority districts

Hard money money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal

Regressive tax a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns

End this game?