Appellate jurisdiction
jurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears
a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues
National debt
amount of money owed by the government
everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts
Diplomacy
the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations
Betts v. Brady (1942)
Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer
Floor leaders
District courts
lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held
Conservative
a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,
Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder
Initiative
allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level
the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution
Discretionary spending
a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation
Recess appointment
a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation
the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections
Reapportionment
redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution
Congressional oversight
Mandatory spending
Privileges and Immunities Clause
states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states
responsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district
Retrospective
Pardon
a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national
Federal budget
amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year
Grassroots lobbying
organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy
a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority
Lemon test
test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent
party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses
corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service
1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.
