AP Government duel

Gerrymandering

weak government

Monetary policy

Senatorial courtesy the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

Progressive tax

Political ideology a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

Privileges and Immunities Clause states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

Articles of Confederation the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

Loose Constructionist

Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925) States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve

Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

Block grants grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

Bill of attainder

Majority leader the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

Prospective voting

people qualified to vote

all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members

Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

Leak an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government

Political action committees (PAC$) extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns

Symbolic speech

an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election

Opinion leaders

Blanket primary a primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another

Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Fiscal policy

1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

Three-fifths compromise

Appellate courts courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

War Powers Act of 1973

weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

Establishment clause prohibits the establishment of a national religion

Deregulation the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers

Pardon a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

Incumbent the person currently holding office

everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

Impoundment

Federalism a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Constitution the document setting forth the laws and principles of the government; a plan for government

a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

General election voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents

drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority

Discharge petition

Reserved powers under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people

Entitlement government benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status

all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Judicial Review Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925) States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes

End this game?