a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).
Discriminationunfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership
Caseworkservices performed by an elected official for constituents
action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship
government corporationcorporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service
joint resolutionA formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president
Hamdi v. Rumsfield (2004)US Gov needs to at least have a hearing to determine a war prisoner's charge
Procedural Due Processmethod of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures
Earmarka designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure
Substantive due processthe policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections
a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy
Political efficacy
Due processprotection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments
Interest groupa group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy
Roe v. Wade (1973)The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.
Elastic clausethe necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers
Affirmative actiona program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions
Realignmenta shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support
Prospective voting
a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes
Legislative courtscourts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term
National debtamount of money owed by the government
to social norms and values, tough on criminals
Retrospectivevoting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances
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the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate
Hate speechoffensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment
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Direct democracydemocracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy
Single-member districtsonly one representative is chosen from each legislative district
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Concurrent jurisdictionjurisdiction the authority to hear cases is shared by federal and state courts
Caucus (congressional)
Reapportionment
Hyde Amendment (1976)
De facto segregationsegregation that results from living patterns rather than law
Moderateperson whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies
the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision
Elite Theory of Democracythe idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization
Marble vs. layer cake federalism
Discretionary spendingfederal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees
The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.
Libertarianismpeople who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,
Media eventa speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light
issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power
Diplomacythe conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations
Bill
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Direct democracydemocracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy
when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election
Legislative courts
to social norms and values, tough on criminals
distribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state
Delegatean elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants
Appellate courts
Executive orderaction by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review
independents
serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority
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Delegated powerspowers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution
Governmentthe formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy
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Monetary policyeconomic policy in which the money supply is controlled through the Federal Reserve