AP Government duel

Legislative veto when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared

Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

Delegated powers

speech plus verbal and symbolic speech used together

Incrementalism

Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Majority-minority districts

Privileges and Immunities Clause states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

Separation of powers practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

a statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank

Establishment clause prohibits the establishment of a national religion

Public opinion

gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause

Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Independent regulatory agency

General election voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents

Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

Pardon a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

Checks and balances a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches

Incorporation application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

independents people who have no party affiliation

Policy adoption

information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

Oversight

Public policy

Political socialization complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

Judicial activism a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

Open primary a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

Independent executive agency an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held

Majority opinion the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Direct primary

Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Open rule in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

Primary election nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

Divided government one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

Loose Constructionist

Executive agreement agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

Policy adoption the approval of a policy by legislation

Pure speech

false written statements about others that harm their reputation

Honeymoon period the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925) States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Progressive generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation

Political action committees (PAC$) extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns

Conference committee a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

Executive order action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Electoral College representatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president

De jure segregation segregation segregation that results from law

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