Affirmative actiona program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions
Frozen!
Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
Party machine
executive privilegea claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers
Procedural due processConstitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.
Substantive due processthe policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment
The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright
Fiscal federalism
Barnettte v. McColummUpholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale
Concurring opinionjustice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision
legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection
Straw Poll
Judicial restraintholds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution
courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term
let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases
Civil libertiesconstitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.
test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent
Establishment clauseprohibits the establishment of a national religion
Electoral College
franking privilege
original jurisdiction
Expressed powerspowers enumerated in the Constitution
Political agendaissues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power
Devolutionan effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government
Electoratepeople qualified to vote
a political system in which all power is derived from the central government
Anti-Federaliststhose opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights
election commissiona commission delegated to supervise an election
Policy formulationthe development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda
Gatekeepersmedia executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented
common policy concerns
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Libertarianismpeople who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,
Floor leadersdirect majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate
Apportionmentdistribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state
grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions
writ of certioraria formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case
Privileges and Immunities Clause
Judicial activism
Maintaining electionstraditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty
Markuprewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it
Majority leader
a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct
Elastic clause
Bill of Rightsthe first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties
the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government
Delegatean elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants
federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached
to social norms and values, tough on criminals
Realignment
Closed rule
Expressed powerspowers enumerated in the Constitution
Direct primaryparty members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election
Superdelegatesparty officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses
Federalisma division of governmental powers between the national government and the states
Pluralist theory of democracyinterest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts
Frozen!
Frozen!
Exclusionary rulethat evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized
the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot
Keynesian economicsthe belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation
Prince v. MassachusettsReligion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder