AP Government duel

Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925)

Executive agreement

using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

Apportionment

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes? The government cannot exert prior restraint.

when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party

Deficit

Commerce and slave trade compromise resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

National debt amount of money owed by the government

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Pure speech verbal communication of ideas and opinions

a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

Precedent

tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

Political socialization complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

Fiscal federalism

Bill a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion.

Lemon test

a solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)

Hard money money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal

a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Implied powers powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

Block grants grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

Full faith and credit clause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4

Reapportionment redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

Barnettte v. McColumm

Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause) gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause

Open convention a party national convention at which no candidate has won a majority of the delegates in the primaries; the candidate is chosen by the convention

Libel false written statements about others that harm their reputation

rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it

Midterm elections congressional elections held between presidential elections

unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

On the record information

spending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments

Political efficacy belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

Implied powers powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

Patronage the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

prior restraint

Politico a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent

Libertarianism

a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

government that has limited control over economy or personal lives

Precedent standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes

National debt

The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term

information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

powers enumerated in the Constitution

a commission delegated to supervise an election

Candidate centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

District courts lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held

End this game?