AP Government duel

joint resolution A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president

holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

Political ideology a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

Hamdi v. Rumsfield (2004)

a rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered

Earmark a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

Superdelegates party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

original jurisdiction the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

Federalism a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Loose Constructionist

Federal budget amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

Trial balloon

Plurality vote electoral process in which the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate is elected

Popular Socereignty

Checks and balances a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches

Closed primary

agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

common policy concerns

those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

Republic a government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy

Federalist supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution

Primary election nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Incumbency effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

Dissenting opinion

extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns

Midterm elections congressional elections held between presidential elections

federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

Policy adoption

Rules committee determines the rules for debate for bills in the House

Reapportionment redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

Barnettte v. McColumm

Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Direct primary party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

Politico

when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared

Party machine

states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

On background information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

Slander

an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election

Monetary policy

Primary election nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Mass media all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

Mandates requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

Progressive

Veto the president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette

Independent executive agency an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

Direct democracy democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy

amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

Referendum

Policy adoption the approval of a policy by legislation

Procedural Due Process method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures

standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes

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