Libertarianismpeople who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,
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Rules committee
provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name
action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship
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Boost!
Motor Voter Law
Select committee
conformityto social norms and values, tough on criminals
franking privilege
Party machinea political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt
Precedentstandards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes
Dual Federalism
redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution
Cabinetgovernment departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity
pork-barrel legislationlegislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection
Independent regulatory agency
an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government
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Independent executive agencyan agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president
Privileges and Immunities Clausestates are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states
the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government
Concurring opinion
Plurality voteelectoral process in which the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate is elected
Pocket veto
Incumbentthe person currently holding office
Powell v. Alabama (1932)The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright
Delegated powerspowers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution
Incumbencyeffect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office
tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction
Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer
Free exercise clause
gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause
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Apportionmentdistribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state
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Incorporationapplication of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment
Interest groupa group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy
Libertarianismpeople who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,
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a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions
Divided governmentone party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress
Federal systema political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government
Direct democracy
Good-faith exceptiona rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio
Party dealignment
Runoff primarywhen no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary
common policy concernsan association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest
Agenda settingidentification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve
Loose Constructionistthe belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution
Implied powerspowers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause
Betts v. Brady (1942)
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West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.
Independent regulatory agency
Moderateperson whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies
Deficitgovernment spending exceeds revenue
Declaration of Independence
Federal budget
Rider
a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties
Standing committeea permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area
executive privilegea claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers
Prospective votinga method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views
Dealignmentwhen a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party
Pluralist theory of democracyinterest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts
Procedural due processConstitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.