AP Government duel

Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

Declaration of Independence drafted in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes? Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.

double jeopardy a rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment

Moderate

Runoff primary when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

Rider

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

writ of certiorari a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

Iron triangle

opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

a primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another

Discrimination unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Libertarianism

Congressional review

Three-fifths compromise

Deficit

those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

Motor Voter Law allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power

District courts

Margin of error the percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common

Closed primary

On deep background information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

Select committee a temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees

unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Voter turnout the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals

voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

joint resolution A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president

Cloture

government spending exceeds revenue

a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio

stare decisis let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

Conference committee a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette 1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party

everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

Federal budget amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

Great compromise a solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)

Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment

Conservative

Good-faith exception a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio

Commerce and slave trade compromise

an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

On background

Critical elections

States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

Lemon v. Kurtzman Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

Runoff primary when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

Procedural Due Process method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures

End this game?