AP Government duel

Cooperative federalism "marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for

Participatory democracy

serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

De jure segregation segregation segregation that results from law

a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending

Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Gender gap

Federal budget decicit

Bench trial a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

Judicial activism a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

Reapportionment redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

Deregulation the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers

Appellate courts courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

Federalism a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Logrolling the exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills

Advice and consent

the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Due process protection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments

Opinion leaders

Independent regulatory agency an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term

federal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts

supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution

Ideology a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals

Categorical grants federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

Hard money

legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection

political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Devolution an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government

Participatory democracy

Slander

Apportionment distribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state

a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Closed rule

States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Sound bite

A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president

The government cannot exert prior restraint.

the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

Front loading the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

Filibuster a lengthy speech designed to delay the vote on a bill in the Senate; can be ended by a cloture motion and vote

On the record information provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

Hate speech offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment

writ of habeas corpus a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

a commission delegated to supervise an election

constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

Judicial Review Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

Hyde Amendment (1976)

agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

Appellate jurisdiction

Open primary a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

North American Free Trade Agreement

the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society

End this game?