AP Government duel

Floor leaders direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

Independent executive agency

voting for candidates all of the same party

Referendum a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

Superdelegates party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

Federalist supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution

basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny

Ratification method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Brief a written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit

executive privilege a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

prior restraint

segregation segregation that results from law

Reapportionment

legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection

an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Libertarianism people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

Fighting words

nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

At-large

De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

Devolution

a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Voter turnout the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

Politico a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

Concurrent jurisdiction jurisdiction the authority to hear cases is shared by federal and state courts

Rider an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

executive privilege

Federal question

Powell v. Alabama (1932) The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

Political ideology

a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Dealignment when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party

allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

speech plus

Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster

redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

Cooperative federalism

Judicial restraint

Moderate person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

Earmark a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

Deficit government spending exceeds revenue

Roe v. Wade (1973) The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

Advice and consent

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

Policy formulation the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

Veto

End this game?