AP Government duel

Constituency

weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

Recall special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

Pocket veto

Off the record information information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

New Jersey v. TLO (1985) Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.

Marble vs. layer cake federalism Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

Nonpartisan election an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

Incumbency effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

Direct democracy democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy

Gender gap

Good-faith exception a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio

Runoff primary when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

Judicial activism a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

Standing committee

Realigning election when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election

Grants-in-aid programs, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs

a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

Precedent

Conference committee a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members

Patronage the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

Liberal

the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy

Caucus locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

Cloture

Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

Mandatory spending spending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

double jeopardy a rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment

an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

Policy formulation

Delegated powers

Executive order action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Exclusionary rule

Legislative veto

Coattail

Legislative Branch under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

Veto the president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress

Judicial review

powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

Block grants grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

Limited Government a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

Symbolic speech using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

Discrimination unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

Appellate jurisdiction jurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears

1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

Bill

Interest group a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

At-large

Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

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