AP Government duel

Referendum a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

Hard money money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

Connecticut (Great) Compromise settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

Ideology

Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Gatekeepers media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision

Runoff primary

a two-house legislature

Legislative Branch under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster

SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Due process

Closed primary

Sound bite a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio

Constituent

Judicial Review Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

Maintaining elections traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

Party realignment a shift in voter loyalty in response to critical events; 1932 election of FD Roosevelt

Three-fifths compromise agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

Critical elections sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

basic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power

Procedural due process Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.

Bench trial a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

Fiscal policy

Libertarianism

Discharge petition

special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

government corporation corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service

Issue networks the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles

method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government

Direct primary party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

Natural rights

Rider an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

a statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank

all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

Independent executive agency an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

Realignment

Monetary policy

alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

North American Free Trade Agreement

Incorporation application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

writ of certiorari a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

Rules committee determines the rules for debate for bills in the House

Revolving door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants

Political ideology

War Powers Act of 1973

Separation of powers

a rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment

Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925) States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.

electoral process in which the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate is elected

Prospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views

legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection

the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

Inherent powers

End this game?