AP Government duel

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Socialism a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

Deficit

Filibuster

prior restraint action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship

Great compromise a solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)

double jeopardy a rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment

mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

Iron triangle

Federalism

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Realignment

Earmark a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

On background information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

Incrementalism

Constitution

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

powers enumerated in the Constitution

Issue networks the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles

Bicameral legislature

SuperPAC

Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

Natural rights basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny

Public policy

Political party Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

Leak an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government

Hyde Amendment (1976)

Betts v. Brady (1942) Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes

Federalist Papers

those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Privileges and Immunities Clause states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

Bench trial a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Legislative courts courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term

Front loading the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

Devolution an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government

Ideology a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

Executive agreement agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

Pocket veto

Closed convention

Appellate courts courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

Supremacy clause national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states

issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power

Monetary policy economic policy in which the money supply is controlled through the Federal Reserve

refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

Good-faith exception a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio

Motor Voter Law allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

Full faith and credit clause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4

Majority opinion

The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause)

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

End this game?