Constituencyservice casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members
a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll
Moderate
Midterm elections
Administrative Discretionthe flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.
Eminent domainallows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid
constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes?
Policy implementationcarrying out a policy through government agencies and courts
Amicus curiae briefa brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"
Primary electionnominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election
Get-out-the-vote
Delegatean elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants
Caseworkservices performed by an elected official for constituents
Honeymoon periodthe time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public
Pardon
Incumbent
Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright
Boost!
Boost!
Deficitgovernment spending exceeds revenue
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment
a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority
Pluralist theory of democracy
Interest group
Hard moneymoney used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal
Cloturea method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster
Judicial branchresponsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district
North American Free Trade Agreement
Superdelegatesparty officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses
Sound bitea very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio
Executive agreementagreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate
Frozen!
Frozen!
services performed by an elected official for constituents
how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy
Checks and balances
the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue
Boost!
Boost!
Rule of foura rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case
Discriminationunfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership
a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government
Legislative veto
Concurrent powersgovernmental powers shared by the federal and state governments
Caucus (congressional)
Ratificationmethod of enacting a constitution or amendment into law
Judicial activism
Mass mediaall forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population
a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions
Judicial branchresponsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district
Briefa written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit
Revolvingdoor the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants
agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation
Participatory democracycitizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials;
Pocket vetowhen the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law
Fighting wordsspeech that is likely to bring about public disorder or chaos; may be banned in public places to ensure the preservation of public order
requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal
weak government
Majority-minority districtsdrawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority
joint resolutionA formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president
Deregulationthe process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers
Direct democracydemocracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy
Federal budgetamount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year
Boost!
Boost!
Whipa majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party