AP Government duel

an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election

provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

Federalist

Earmark a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

Hard money money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal

Revolving door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants

an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

Full faith and credit clause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Independent executive agency an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

Federal budget decicit the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue

Party machine a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

Commerce and slave trade compromise resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Nonpartisan election an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Political party Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

Primary election nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Pocket veto when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law

Policy adoption the approval of a policy by legislation

Rider

Political ideology a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

Supremacy clause

Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder

constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally

Civil rights positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.

Judicial branch responsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district

Caucus (congressional)

the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

Free rider an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

Split-ticket voting

a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

Blanket primary a primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another

government corporation

Political agenda issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power

how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy

Political socialization complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

Bicameral legislature

information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

Amicus curiae brief

Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

Devolution

Federal budget

Random sampling a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

Brief a written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

Articles of Confederation

Redistricting the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment

franking privilege allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

Substantive due process

North American Free Trade Agreement created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs

rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

voting for candidates all of the same party

conformity

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