At-large
all the voters of a state or county elect their representative
Anti-Federalists
Direct democracy
a primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another
government spending exceeds revenue
Runoff primary
when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law
On background
information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee
a statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank
Entitlement
government benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status
government that has limited control over economy or personal lives
Symbolic speech
using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea
Due process
protection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments
Unitary system
locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office
Off the record information
information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use
Casework
citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic
Federal budget decicit
Party dealignment
weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties
Prince v. Massachusetts
Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder
a lengthy speech designed to delay the vote on a bill in the Senate; can be ended by a cloture motion and vote
Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)
Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).
West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette
1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.
the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles
franking privilege
Voter turnout
the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot
justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision
standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes
