AP Government duel

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes? The government cannot exert prior restraint.

Standing committee a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area

Exclusionary rule that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized

Betts v. Brady (1942) Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

joint resolution

Runoff primary

agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

Moderate

Candidate centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

Policy adoption the approval of a policy by legislation

Plurality vote electoral process in which the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate is elected

Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

Impeachment

Reapportionment redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

Cabinet government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity

Federal budget

Federalism a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Great compromise a solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)

method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government

Political agenda issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power

traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

a statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank

Incumbency

Participatory democracy

Socialism

General election

Appellate jurisdiction jurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears

Miranda warning

Enumerated powers

Floor leaders direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

Constituency service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation

Roe v. Wade (1973) The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

Equal Protection Clause constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally

a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

Line item veto the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

DC v. Heller (2008)

action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Participatory democracy

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

Policy formulation the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

Politico a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

Political action committees (PAC$)

At-large all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

a solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)

Joint committee

Gerrymandering drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

Revolving

Midterm elections congressional elections held between presidential elections

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