AP Government duel

Lemon v. Kurtzman

Media event

Retrospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances

The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Concurrent powers governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments

Iron triangle alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

DC v. Heller (2008) Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

Betts v. Brady (1942) Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

speech plus verbal and symbolic speech used together

the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

Gatekeepers media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

Great compromise

Constituency service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

Natural rights

Party realignment a shift in voter loyalty in response to critical events; 1932 election of FD Roosevelt

to social norms and values, tough on criminals

Closed convention a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

Constituent

an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

Expressed powers powers enumerated in the Constitution

Public opinion a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

Checks and balances

Appellate jurisdiction jurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears

North American Free Trade Agreement created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs

Administrative Discretion

Mass media all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Honeymoon period the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

franking privilege

Front loading the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

Equal Protection Clause

Betts v. Brady (1942) Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

Exit poll

national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Deregulation

all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

Party dealignment weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

Bill of Rights

alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

DC v. Heller (2008) Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

Natural rights basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny

voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

Progressive generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation

independents people who have no party affiliation

a party national convention at which no candidate has won a majority of the delegates in the primaries; the candidate is chosen by the convention

Procedural due process Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

Advice and consent the Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties

Great compromise a solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)

direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

Majority leader

Joint committee a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation

Cloture

a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party

federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

End this game?