an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election
Frozen!
Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name
Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracyseen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness
Federalist
Earmarka designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure
Hard moneymoney used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal
Revolvingdoor the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants
an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation
sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions
Full faith and creditclause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4
Delegatean elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants
Independent executive agencyan agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president
Federal budget decicitthe difference in any year between government spending and government revenue
Party machinea political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt
Commerce and slave trade compromiseresolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Nonpartisan electionan election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation
a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive
Political partyVoluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government
the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited
Primary electionnominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election
Pocket vetowhen the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law
Policy adoptionthe approval of a policy by legislation
Rider
Political ideologya consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy
Supremacy clause
Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder
constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally
Civil rightspositive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.
Judicial branchresponsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district
Caucus (congressional)
Boost!
Boost!
the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government
Frozen!
Frozen!
Free rideran individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation
the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision
Split-ticket voting
a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)
Blanket primarya primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another
government corporation
Political agendaissues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power
how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy
Political socializationcomplex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values
Extraditionstates may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor
Bicameral legislature
information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source
Amicus curiae brief
Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas
Devolution
Federal budget
Random samplinga statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll
Briefa written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit
New York Times Co. v. SullivanThe Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"
Articles of Confederation
Redistrictingthe process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment
franking privilegeallows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge
Substantive due process
North American Free Trade Agreementcreated to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs
rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it
Hyde Amendment (1976)Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.