AP Government duel

rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it

writ of habeas corpus a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or

traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

Constituent all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members

Majority leader the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power

Block grants grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

Majority-minority districts drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority

Independent executive agency an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

Judicial Review Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

General election

Separation of powers practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

Discretionary spending federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

Independent regulatory agency

equality of opportunity everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

Sound bite a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio

Libel false written statements about others that harm their reputation

Logrolling the exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills

Candidate centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation

Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

Political party Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

Deregulation the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers

Ratification

a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Legislative courts courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term

Iron triangle alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

Deviating election

Loose Constructionist the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Limited Government a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

Procedural Due Process

Constitution the document setting forth the laws and principles of the government; a plan for government

voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances

Symbolic speech using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

Due process

Margin of error

The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship

organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

Line item veto the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

government corporation corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service

Incorporation

speech plus verbal and symbolic speech used together

Conservative a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Senatorial courtesy the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

Open rule in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation

Exit poll a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted

one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

Hate speech offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment

election commission

a primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another

issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power

voting for candidates all of the same party

End this game?