Ratificationmethod of enacting a constitution or amendment into law
Representative democracycitizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic
independentspeople who have no party affiliation
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Standing committee
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Select committeea temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees
Closed primarya primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party
Republica government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy
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the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers
War Powers Act of 1973
minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters
Logrollingthe exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills
Incumbentthe person currently holding office
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Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright
Plurality voteelectoral process in which the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate is elected
Straw Polla poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes
a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation
congressional elections held between presidential elections
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Federalisma division of governmental powers between the national government and the states
Political socializationcomplex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values
Electoral Collegerepresentatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president
everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes?The government cannot exert prior restraint.
an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation
Grants-in-aidprograms, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs
that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized
standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes
Checks and balances
Hard money
Hyde Amendment (1976)Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.
voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents
Equal Protection Clause
Reapportionmentredistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution
Keynesian economicsthe belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation
1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.
President Pro Temporeserves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority
Federal budgetamount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year
DC v. Heller (2008)Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago
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Federalist Paperswritten by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction
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special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term
Vetothe president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress
Delegated powers
Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives
person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies
Amendment
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Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).
De jure segregationsegregation segregation that results from law
Administrative Discretion
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Reserved powersunder the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people
Powell v. Alabama (1932)
Nonpartisan electionan election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation
Judicial reviewauthority given the courts to review the constitutionality of acts by the executive, states, or the
Congressional reviewCongress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution
War Powers Act of 1973a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension
Standing committeea permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area
Recess appointmenta presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation
National debtamount of money owed by the government