AP Government duel

Lemon v. Kurtzman Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

Trustee

Incorporation application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

Rider an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

Pure speech verbal communication of ideas and opinions

Grants-in-aid

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment

Bill of attainder a law that makes a person guilty of a crime without a trial; neither Congress nor the states can enact such a law Constitutionally

supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution

Popular Socereignty basic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power

responsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district

a shift in voter loyalty in response to critical events; 1932 election of FD Roosevelt

writ of habeas corpus

Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Policy formulation

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

Oversight Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent

Expressed powers

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

powers that the Constitution specifically grants to the federal government

Dissenting opinion

Direct democracy

Political agenda

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

Retrospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances

Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Reapportionment redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

protection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments

Appellate jurisdiction

Party realignment

Front loading the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

District courts lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held

Judicial Review

information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

Margin of error the percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common

Recall special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

Interest group a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

Filibuster

Grassroots lobbying

Closed convention a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Independent regulatory agency

Voter turnout the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

Federalist supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution

Dissenting opinion

States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Straw Poll

Legislative Branch under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

Leak an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government

Iron triangle alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

Liberal

Logrolling the exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills

Substantive due process

End this game?