AP Government duel

a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

Hard money money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal

supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution

Interest group a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

Judicial restraint

Nonpartisan election

Dealigning election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or

On the record information provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

Fiscal federalism a type of federalism that deals with the flow of funds through grants and other means from the federal government to the states

Party machine a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

Great compromise

Precedent standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes

Loose Constructionist the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

Incrementalism small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase

Slander

the approval of a policy by legislation

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Political agenda

speech plus verbal and symbolic speech used together

Referendum a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

Dual Federalism a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Agenda setting identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve

Issue networks the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles

Marble vs. layer cake federalism Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

Critical elections sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

Direct primary party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

to social norms and values, tough on criminals

opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)

Closed convention a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Loose Constructionist the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

Impoundment

agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

Procedural due process

holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

Markup rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it

original jurisdiction

Libertarianism

Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Pluralist theory of democracy

Pardon a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

Popular Socereignty basic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power

that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized

Government the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy

Hard money money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal

Political socialization complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

Political party

Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Bicameral legislature a two-house legislature

alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

Straight-ticket voting

Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Powell v. Alabama (1932) The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

Free rider

Socialism a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

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