AP Government duel

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Voter turnout the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

Plurality vote

Incrementalism

the person currently holding office

Deregulation

segregation segregation that results from law

the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

Conference committee a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

Gatekeepers media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

Whip a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Fighting words

Judicial Review Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster

Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Amendment

Hate speech

people who have no party affiliation

Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale

Random sampling

Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Midterm elections congressional elections held between presidential elections

Opinion leaders those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

Open rule

an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

Markup rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster

a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

Dealignment when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party

redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

Impeachment bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives

Good-faith exception a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio

Socialism a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

Legislative courts

Majority opinion

the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue

Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Senatorial courtesy the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

economic policy in which the money supply is controlled through the Federal Reserve

Policy formulation the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

De jure segregation segregation segregation that results from law

Nonpartisan election

Gender gap

Party dealignment weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

pork-barrel legislation legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection

Lemon v. Kurtzman Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

a law that makes a person guilty of a crime without a trial; neither Congress nor the states can enact such a law Constitutionally

Appellate jurisdiction jurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears

Enumerated powers powers that the Constitution specifically grants to the federal government

Prospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views

drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority

method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches

when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law

End this game?