AP Government duel

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Realigning election

Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

Advice and consent

Miranda warning

Media event a speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light

Incrementalism

Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925)

Hard money money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal

Judicial restraint holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

DC v. Heller (2008)

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

original jurisdiction the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution

writ of habeas corpus a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

stare decisis let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

Dual Federalism

Legislative Branch

Candidate centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

verbal and symbolic speech used together

Conservative a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns

Amicus curiae brief

the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

Legislative veto

a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

Strict constitutionalist the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

Constitution the document setting forth the laws and principles of the government; a plan for government

a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension

Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Privileges and Immunities Clause states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Declaration of Independence

Discharge petition a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes

SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Deregulation the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers

allows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid

Realignment

special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

Lemon v. Kurtzman Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny

Political action committees (PAC$) extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns

Whip

stare decisis

application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

weak government government that has limited control over economy or personal lives

North American Free Trade Agreement created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs

Soft money

Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

Party machine a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

Random sampling a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

Gerrymandering drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

Strict constitutionalist the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

equality of opportunity everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

End this game?