AP Government duel

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

Floor leaders direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

Majority-minority districts

Incrementalism

The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

Veto the president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress

one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

Federalist Papers

Electoral College

Oversight Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent

Constitution

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette

a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Standing committee a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area

Direct primary party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

Representative democracy

Commerce and slave trade compromise

Eminent domain allows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid

powers enumerated in the Constitution

Apportionment distribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state

an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

Policy adoption the approval of a policy by legislation

Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

Political party

Political ideology a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent

Deficit government spending exceeds revenue

Prince v. Massachusetts

Unfunded mandates mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

after listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions

executive privilege a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

On background information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

Independent regulatory agency an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

Opinion leaders

the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

conformity

Appellate courts courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.

Referendum a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

Off the record information information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Connecticut (Great) Compromise settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

Impoundment refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

Gatekeepers

the person currently holding office

Keynesian economics the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

Discharge petition a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes

Sound bite a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio

Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

New Jersey v. TLO (1985)

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