AP Government duel

Senatorial courtesy

Substantive due process

government corporation

Closed primary a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party

a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension

conformity to social norms and values, tough on criminals

citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials;

Issue networks the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles

Elite Theory of Democracy the idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization

Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

Good-faith exception

Executive order action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Dual Federalism a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

Caucus

the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette

Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Revolving door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants

legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection

Political ideology

Discharge petition a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes

a rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Party machine a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

the person currently holding office

supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution

Implied powers

a two-house legislature

a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

Fiscal policy how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy

the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

Incrementalism small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase

a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Good-faith exception a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio

election commission a commission delegated to supervise an election

District courts

Patronage

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Marble vs. layer cake federalism

Exclusionary rule

Free rider

Random sampling a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

Filibuster

Motor Voter Law allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

Courts of Appeal federal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts

Checks and balances a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

stare decisis let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve

Appellate jurisdiction jurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears

Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Concurrent powers governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments

End this game?