original jurisdictionthe first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government
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unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership
Random samplinga statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll
Vetothe president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress
Betts v. Brady (1942)Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer
Agenda settingidentification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve
Libertarianism
government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity
Rules committee
a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy
Primary electionnominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election
drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another
Candidatecentered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation
Hate speech
The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright
Federal systema political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government
Whip
Marble vs. layer cake federalism
political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections
Motor Voter Lawallows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices
Pardona convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national
Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution
Individualismthe belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government
Supremacy clausenational laws supersedes all other laws passed by states
Senatorial courtesythe practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts
allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge
Bicameral legislaturea two-house legislature
Precedentstandards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes
Discretionary spending
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Diplomacy
Federal question
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extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns
when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party
Exit poll
Keynesian economicsthe belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation
minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters
courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law
Cloturea method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster
Full faith and credit
Great compromise
On backgroundinformation provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee
small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase
Miranda warningthe warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights
The government cannot exert prior restraint.
alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees
Bill of Rights
when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law
On the record information
Constituencyservice casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members
Pardona convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national
writ of habeas corpus
Congressional reviewCongress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution
Open conventiona party national convention at which no candidate has won a majority of the delegates in the primaries; the candidate is chosen by the convention
Federalism
voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances
Limited Government
Administrative Discretion
Concurrent powers
Opinion leadersthose individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may
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tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction