AP Government duel

traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

Separation of powers practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Policy adoption

Media event

requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Electorate people qualified to vote

distribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state

method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

Platform a statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank

Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

Senatorial courtesy

Direct democracy

Participatory democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials;

Party machine a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

Gatekeepers media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

equality of opportunity everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

Discrimination

Superdelegates party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Miranda warning

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

Courts of Appeal federal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts

Libertarianism people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

Honeymoon period

Dealignment

Diplomacy the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

Powell v. Alabama (1932)

Retrospective

Executive agreement agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

Substantive due process

Categorical grants

Rider

Independent regulatory agency

Judicial review authority given the courts to review the constitutionality of acts by the executive, states, or the

Betts v. Brady (1942) Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

election commission a commission delegated to supervise an election

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

Political efficacy belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

Superdelegates party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

Impeachment

Blanket primary a primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another

Reapportionment

Procedural Due Process

a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party

Regressive tax a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

common policy concerns an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

Fiscal federalism

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally

Participatory democracy

Deficit

a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes? The government cannot exert prior restraint.

Cabinet government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio

End this game?