AP Government duel

Cabinet government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity

Judicial Review Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

Progressive tax

Civil liberties

Media event a speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light

Hyde Amendment (1976)

Appellate courts courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

Brief a written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit

a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy

conformity to social norms and values, tough on criminals

Legislative Branch under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

Bill of attainder

the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

Liberal a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending

redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

amount of money owed by the government

Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause) gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause

federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

Closed convention

Critical elections

Constituent all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members

Procedural due process Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

Pure speech verbal communication of ideas and opinions

Ratification method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives

Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

Symbolic speech using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Deviating election

Filibuster a lengthy speech designed to delay the vote on a bill in the Senate; can be ended by a cloture motion and vote

determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

Civil liberties constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette 1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

stare decisis let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

Runoff primary

the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

Popular Socereignty

Devolution

Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

a law that makes a person guilty of a crime without a trial; neither Congress nor the states can enact such a law Constitutionally

Open convention a party national convention at which no candidate has won a majority of the delegates in the primaries; the candidate is chosen by the convention

Executive order action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Connecticut (Great) Compromise settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

Open primary

lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held

Superdelegates

Dealigning election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or

Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

Progressive tax

Entitlement government benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status

Gridlock

Ratification method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

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