AP Government duel

Judicial review authority given the courts to review the constitutionality of acts by the executive, states, or the

people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

Impoundment refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

Front loading the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

common policy concerns

Devolution an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government

the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

Gerrymandering drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

Media event

National debt amount of money owed by the government

government spending exceeds revenue

Policy formulation

Supremacy clause national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states

Political socialization

an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

Divided government one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

War Powers Act of 1973 a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension

Direct primary party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

Moderate person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

Lemon test

Incrementalism

false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

Policy implementation

how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy

Executive order action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Agenda setting identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve

settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

Party machine

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes? The government cannot exert prior restraint.

President Pro Tempore

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives

Policy formulation

using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

Free rider an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment

Floor leaders direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

Elite Theory of Democracy the idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization

generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation

Civil liberties

Hamdi v. Rumsfield (2004) US Gov needs to at least have a hearing to determine a war prisoner's charge

Logrolling

Full faith and credit clause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4

Party dealignment weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

Patronage the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

writ of habeas corpus

Majority-minority districts

drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

"marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for

Whip a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

On the record information

Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

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