AP Government duel

Inherent powers powers powers, usually claimed by the president, that are implied but not specifically stated in the Constitution or are derived from the office

Sound bite a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio

independents people who have no party affiliation

New Jersey v. TLO (1985)

Fiscal policy how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy

Caucus (congressional)

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

Prospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views

Standing committee a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area

Casework services performed by an elected official for constituents

mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

Cabinet government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity

Separation of powers

the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy

Incrementalism

a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

government benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status

Realigning election

conformity to social norms and values, tough on criminals

those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president

Caucus locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

Full faith and credit clause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4

Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Recess appointment

Trustee after listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions

Betts v. Brady (1942)

government benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status

Constituent

District courts lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held

Pure speech verbal communication of ideas and opinions

prior restraint action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship

Procedural Due Process method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures

Socialism a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

Redistricting

Earmark a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

Reserved powers

Diplomacy the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

electoral process in which the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate is elected

Off the record information information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Dealignment when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party

a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

Regressive tax a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Independent executive agency

Hate speech

agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

Casework services performed by an elected official for constituents

Reapportionment redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Concurring opinion justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision

DC v. Heller (2008) Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

Cloture

Caucus locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

End this game?