AP Government duel

Line item veto the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

Prospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views

De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

Voter turnout

Rule of four

a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

the exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills

Cooperative federalism "marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for

Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Legislative veto when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared

Dissenting opinion

independents people who have no party affiliation

complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

a written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit

Slander

the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

Majority leader the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

Symbolic speech using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment

Federalist

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

Political party

resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

Off year election an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election

Majority opinion the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

Issue networks the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles

Federalism a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Political agenda

Grassroots lobbying

Political agenda

Ex post facto law a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed

States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

a commission delegated to supervise an election

Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

a written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit

Natural rights basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny

Open convention a party national convention at which no candidate has won a majority of the delegates in the primaries; the candidate is chosen by the convention

Commerce and slave trade compromise resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

Front loading the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

government corporation corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service

a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

Discretionary spending federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

Bench trial a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

Margin of error

political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people

Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Supremacy clause national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states

1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Veto the president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress

Select committee a temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees

Independent regulatory agency

Runoff primary

Party dealignment

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