Initiativeallows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level
Frozen!
Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries
Realigning election
Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison
Frozen!
Frozen!
Advice and consent
Miranda warning
Media eventa speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light
Incrementalism
Gridlockwhen opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government
Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925)
Hard moneymoney used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal
Judicial restraintholds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution
DC v. Heller (2008)
Congressional reviewCongress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution
original jurisdictionthe first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government
a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution
writ of habeas corpusa court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released
stare decisislet the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases
Dual Federalism
Legislative Branch
Candidatecentered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation
verbal and symbolic speech used together
Conservativea person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,
extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns
Amicus curiae brief
the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation
Legislative veto
a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive
Strict constitutionalistthe view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution
Constitutionthe document setting forth the laws and principles of the government; a plan for government
a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension
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Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
Federal systema political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government
Privileges and Immunities Clausestates are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states
information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use
Declaration of Independence
Discharge petitiona device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes
SuperPACpolitical organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Deregulationthe process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers
allows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid
Realignment
special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term
Lemon v. KurtzmanCreates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.
basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny
Political action committees (PAC$)extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns
Whip
stare decisis
application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment
Policy implementationcarrying out a policy through government agencies and courts
weak governmentgovernment that has limited control over economy or personal lives
Frozen!
Frozen!
North American Free Trade Agreementcreated to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs
Soft money
Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison
Party machinea political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt
Random samplinga statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll
Gerrymanderingdrawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another
a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls
Strict constitutionalistthe view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution
equality of opportunityeveryone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts
a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers