District courts lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held
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person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies
Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government
Leak
Line item veto the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional
Civil rights positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.
Direct primary
The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"
the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers
application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment
Miranda warning
joint resolution
Realigning election when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election
Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example
seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness
Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster
Party machine a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt
Legislative veto
Three-fifths compromise agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation
a written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit
an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term
Off year election an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election
Reserved powers under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people
government benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status
the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public
Closed rule
Amicus curiae brief a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"
false written statements about others that harm their reputation
Get-out-the-vote a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls
Majority leader the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives
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a speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light
service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members
Front loading the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election
a rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment
constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally
Republic
Popular Socereignty basic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power
Establishment clause prohibits the establishment of a national religion
equality of opportunity everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts
Devolution an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government
Gatekeepers media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented
Powell v. Alabama (1932) The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright
using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea
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Appellate jurisdiction jurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears
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Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment
Divided government one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress
let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases
Strict constitutionalist the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution
Exclusionary rule that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized
Pocket veto when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law
US Gov needs to at least have a hearing to determine a war prisoner's charge
Commerce and slave trade compromise resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years
Lemon v. Kurtzman Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.
Joint committee a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation
Political efficacy belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking
De jure segregation
Progressive tax
Cabinet government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity
New Jersey v. TLO (1985)
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