AP Government duel

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Full faith and credit clause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4

On deep background information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

Liberal

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

Miranda warning the warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights

an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

Earmark

Substantive due process

refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Socialism a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

Federalist

Government

Politics

Closed rule a rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered

Deregulation

Gerrymandering drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

Eminent domain allows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid

On background information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Majority leader

the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

Opinion leaders

Cooperative federalism "marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for

Anti-Federalists

Rule of four

a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted

Politics method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government

Three-fifths compromise

Candidate

a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held

Off year election

Markup rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it

Critical elections sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Bench trial a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

At-large all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

Earmark a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

Midterm elections

Political ideology

North American Free Trade Agreement created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs

Political socialization complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives

Get-out-the-vote

Bicameral legislature a two-house legislature

Ideology a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals

Block grants

Anti-Federalists

Pure speech verbal communication of ideas and opinions

Discretionary spending federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

Public policy the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society

Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

the idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization

Civil rights

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