Lemon v. Kurtzman
Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes?
The government cannot exert prior restraint.
Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).
Legislative courts
courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term
Deviating election
minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters
Natural rights
Impoundment
refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
Republic
Hamdi v. Rumsfield (2004)
US Gov needs to at least have a hearing to determine a war prisoner's charge
governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments
Standing committee
a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area
Amicus curiae brief
a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"
Dual Federalism
Deficit
Libel
false written statements about others that harm their reputation
Marble vs. layer cake federalism
Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas
Discrimination
unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership
Majority leader
the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate
Primary election
nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election
service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members
the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot
Incumbency
effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office
Joint committee
a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation
Caucus
locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office
an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president
Senatorial courtesy
the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts
when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government
a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed
Administrative Discretion
the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.
Conference committee
