AP Government duel

Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

Direct democracy democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy

Dealignment

nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes?

stare decisis let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

Natural rights basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny

SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Recall

Good-faith exception

Margin of error the percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common

Brief

Progressive generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation

Ratification method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

Independent executive agency

writ of certiorari

District courts lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held

Appellate courts

Liberal

a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances

prior restraint action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship

Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Monetary policy economic policy in which the money supply is controlled through the Federal Reserve

a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

Powell v. Alabama (1932) The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

Straw Poll a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

Supremacy clause national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states

Delegated powers

one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

Elastic clause

Free rider

Political action committees (PAC$)

Equal Protection Clause constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally

Open convention

President Pro Tempore

Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

Dealigning

Open primary a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

On background

a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed

Midterm elections congressional elections held between presidential elections

the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

Candidate centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

Politico a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause)

Maintaining elections traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

Superdelegates party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

Prince v. Massachusetts Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

Limited Government a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

Great compromise

Public opinion a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

End this game?