At-largeall the voters of a state or county elect their representative
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Anti-Federalists
Direct democracy
a primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another
government spending exceeds revenue
Runoff primary
when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law
On backgroundinformation provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee
a statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank
Entitlementgovernment benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status
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government that has limited control over economy or personal lives
Symbolic speechusing actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea
Due processprotection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments
Unitary system
locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office
Off the record informationinformation provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use
Casework
citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic
Federal budget decicit
Party dealignmentweakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties
Prince v. MassachusettsReligion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder
a lengthy speech designed to delay the vote on a bill in the Senate; can be ended by a cloture motion and vote
Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).
West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.
the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles
franking privilege
Voter turnoutthe total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot
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justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision
standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes
lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held
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De facto segregation
Rules committeedetermines the rules for debate for bills in the House
Privileges and Immunities Clausestates are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states
Executive orderaction by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review
Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracyseen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness
Good-faith exceptiona rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio
Deregulationthe process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers
Advice and consentthe Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties
rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it
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government benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status
Ratificationmethod of enacting a constitution or amendment into law
Federal budget decicitthe difference in any year between government spending and government revenue
Discharge petitiona device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes
Symbolic speechusing actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea
the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional
Ideologya consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals
Subsidya sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive
Casework
National debtamount of money owed by the government
Discretionary spending
Nonpartisan electionan election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation
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Categorical grantsfederal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached
Hyde Amendment (1976)Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.
independentspeople who have no party affiliation
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes?
Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale
North American Free Trade Agreementcreated to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs
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gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause
Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.