AP Government duel

Discrimination unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Cooperative federalism "marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for

Reapportionment redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

Federal budget decicit the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue

a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

common policy concerns an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster

speech plus

a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending

Majority leader the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

Loose Constructionist the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

Libel

Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

Unfunded mandates mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

Hate speech

Soft money

Constituency service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

Superdelegates

Civil liberties

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

Gatekeepers

Judicial branch responsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district

Fiscal federalism a type of federalism that deals with the flow of funds through grants and other means from the federal government to the states

effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Independent regulatory agency

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

Public policy the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society

Apportionment distribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state

Congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation

Representative democracy

Liberal a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending

common policy concerns an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase

a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

Political party

Veto the president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress

governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments

Declaration of Independence drafted in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain

Constituent

Midterm elections congressional elections held between presidential elections

provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

DC v. Heller (2008) Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

Gerrymandering drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

Discharge petition

District courts

Coattail effect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most

states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

Exit poll a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted

Opinion leaders those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

powers powers, usually claimed by the president, that are implied but not specifically stated in the Constitution or are derived from the office

Government the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy

Administrative Discretion the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

End this game?