AP Government duel

Political action committees (PAC$) extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns

speech plus verbal and symbolic speech used together

Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Floor leaders direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

Revolving

Executive agreement agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

Candidate centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)

Elite Theory of Democracy

conformity

a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

writ of certiorari a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

Political ideology a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

Caucus (congressional) a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

Political agenda

locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared

method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government

effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

Judicial Review

Congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

Categorical grants

Honeymoon period

a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Amendment

Senatorial courtesy the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

common policy concerns

On background

Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

Pardon

Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

Prince v. Massachusetts

Revolving door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants

Appellate jurisdiction jurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears

Public policy the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society

Direct democracy democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy

Retrospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances

Strict constitutionalist the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

Logrolling the exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills

Barnettte v. McColumm Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale

Recall special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

Participatory democracy

federal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts

the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

Government

Regressive tax

information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

Divided government

Concurrent jurisdiction jurisdiction the authority to hear cases is shared by federal and state courts

speech plus verbal and symbolic speech used together

gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause

Exit poll

Standing committee a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area

Cooperative federalism "marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for

people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

End this game?