AP Government duel

Progressive

identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve

Bill

Superdelegates

At-large all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

allows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid

Pardon a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

authority given the courts to review the constitutionality of acts by the executive, states, or the

Slander

Federalism a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase

Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925)

Conference committee a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

Gerrymandering drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

Senatorial courtesy

Political action committees (PAC$) extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns

a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Connecticut (Great) Compromise settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Legislative Branch

after listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions

Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Recall special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

Pocket veto

Political ideology

Political agenda issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power

Appellate courts

Individualism the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or

gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause

Grants-in-aid

Earmark a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

Ratification method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

Legislative courts courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term

voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

Opinion leaders those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

Constitution

Three-fifths compromise agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

Judicial restraint

Deficit government spending exceeds revenue

Apportionment distribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state

serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

the percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common

Articles of Confederation the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

De jure segregation segregation segregation that results from law

Filibuster a lengthy speech designed to delay the vote on a bill in the Senate; can be ended by a cloture motion and vote

A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president

the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

Impeachment bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives

the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

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