Prospective votinga method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views
information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source
Impoundmentrefusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
Expressed powerspowers enumerated in the Constitution
Constituencyservice casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members
the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda
Lemon test
powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution
a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals
Political culturea set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens
writ of certiorari
false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation
allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level
an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term
Judicial Review
voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents
President Pro Temporeserves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority
Federal question
Bill of Rights
Caucus (congressional)a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share
Congressional oversightrefers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation
Hyde Amendment (1976)
Runoff primarywhen no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary
settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate
Reapportionmentredistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution
Monetary policyeconomic policy in which the money supply is controlled through the Federal Reserve
Nonpartisan election
the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts
equality of opportunity
Boost!
Boost!
Progressive taxa tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example
voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances
agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation
Gerrymandering
Issue networksthe numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles
government spending exceeds revenue
Caseworkservices performed by an elected official for constituents
Divided government
Nonpartisan election
Filibuster
Due processprotection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments
West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.
Blanket primarya primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another
carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts
when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government
Progressive
SuperPACpolitical organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections
Precedent
Leak
Fiscal policy
Select committeea temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees
prior restraintaction by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship
Anti-Federaliststhose opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights
amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year
Entitlementgovernment benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status
segregation that results from living patterns rather than law
Frozen!
Frozen!
Independent regulatory agencyan agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term
Hyde Amendment (1976)Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.
a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority