AP Government duel

Substantive due process the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

Markup

the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

North American Free Trade Agreement created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs

Veto

Straight-ticket voting

Ratification method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Voter turnout the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

Symbolic speech

verbal and symbolic speech used together

Unfunded mandates mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

Powell v. Alabama (1932) The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

Political efficacy

false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

a temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees

Betts v. Brady (1942)

Electorate people qualified to vote

when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

writ of habeas corpus a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

Primary election nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension

Bench trial a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

Issue networks

Redistricting

Policy adoption the approval of a policy by legislation

Party realignment

On background information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

Critical elections sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

Open primary a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

congressional elections held between presidential elections

Casework services performed by an elected official for constituents

legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection

Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension

Revolving door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

Incorporation

Deficit government spending exceeds revenue

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

Three-fifths compromise

Federal question a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

Media event a speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light

Lemon test test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent

Political party

money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal

Party machine a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

National debt amount of money owed by the government

Plurality vote

a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

powers enumerated in the Constitution

Dissenting opinion

an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government

prior restraint action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship

Checks and balances a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches

issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power

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