AP Government duel

Incumbency effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

Reapportionment redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

Opinion leaders those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

Brief a written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit

Hamdi v. Rumsfield (2004)

Ideology

powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution

original jurisdiction the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Conference committee

The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

Soft money money used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Logrolling

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

Discretionary spending federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes

a lengthy speech designed to delay the vote on a bill in the Senate; can be ended by a cloture motion and vote

the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

Categorical grants federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

Judicial activism a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

services performed by an elected official for constituents

Regressive tax

Entitlement government benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status

governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments

Ratification method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

Connecticut (Great) Compromise settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

drafted in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain

De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

Federal budget decicit the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue

a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

Random sampling a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

Policy formulation the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

Judicial activism a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes

General election voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents

only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

speech plus verbal and symbolic speech used together

Delegated powers powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution

amount of money owed by the government

Diplomacy the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

Conservative a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Constituency

Markup

1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

Dissenting opinion

Motor Voter Law allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

Anti-Federalists

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

a written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit

End this game?