AP Government duel

Amicus curiae brief a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

to social norms and values, tough on criminals

Procedural due process Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

Majority leader the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)

Entitlement government benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status

joint resolution A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president

At-large all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

Separation of powers

Issue networks the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles

media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

Straight-ticket voting voting for candidates all of the same party

Electoral College representatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president

a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

Motor Voter Law allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

Reserved powers under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people

Executive order action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives

powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution

prior restraint action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship

writ of habeas corpus a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

Diplomacy the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

Judicial review

Congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation

amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

Substantive due process

Off year election an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election

Ex post facto law a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed

Constituency service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

Hate speech offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment

people qualified to vote

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy

writ of certiorari a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Legislative veto when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared

equality of opportunity everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed

Party dealignment

Rider an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

Realignment

Administrative Discretion the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Runoff primary

Caucus (congressional)

conformity

1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

Expressed powers powers enumerated in the Constitution

US Gov needs to at least have a hearing to determine a war prisoner's charge

Incrementalism small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase

Realigning election

nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Judicial restraint

Keynesian economics the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

End this game?