AP Government duel

Floor leaders

Open convention

Delegated powers powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution

Judicial review

Separation of powers practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

spending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments

a shift in voter loyalty in response to critical events; 1932 election of FD Roosevelt

common policy concerns an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

On the record information provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Keynesian economics

Realignment

Incumbency

the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

Expressed powers powers enumerated in the Constitution

Cloture

political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Betts v. Brady (1942) Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents

Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

Concurring opinion justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision

Candidate

Exit poll

special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

Referendum

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives

Symbolic speech using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision

let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

Senatorial courtesy the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

National debt amount of money owed by the government

under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people

Miranda warning the warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights

On deep background

District courts

refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation

Party dealignment weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

Fiscal policy

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles

Dealigning election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

Political action committees (PAC$)

a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

Regressive tax a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Realigning election when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election

Front loading the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

Majority opinion the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

Superdelegates

small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase

Ratification method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

Electorate people qualified to vote

Barnettte v. McColumm

Federal budget decicit

End this game?