AP Government duel

determines the rules for debate for bills in the House

Candidate centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

Iron triangle alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

Electoral College representatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president

Conference committee a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

programs, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs

Rider

Closed rule a rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered

Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Lemon test test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent

independents people who have no party affiliation

the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

Whip a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

Cooperative federalism "marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for

Coattail effect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most

Appellate courts

Closed convention a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Equal Protection Clause constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally

joint resolution A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president

Unfunded mandates mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

Senatorial courtesy the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

speech plus

The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Affirmative action

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Bill

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

Legislative Branch under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

Fiscal federalism a type of federalism that deals with the flow of funds through grants and other means from the federal government to the states

Concurring opinion justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision

Constituency

Mandates requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals

Civil liberties constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

Good-faith exception a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio

when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared

Federal budget decicit the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue

Party realignment

Public opinion

Exclusionary rule that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized

Reapportionment redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures

mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

Gender gap

writ of habeas corpus

Political culture

Political efficacy belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

End this game?