AP Government duel

Three-fifths compromise agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

Runoff primary

generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation

Strict constitutionalist the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

On background information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

Socialism

Keynesian economics

Voter turnout the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

Libertarianism people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

Delegated powers powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution

Agenda setting identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve

Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

money used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission

action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Politics

the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy

prior restraint action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship

a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

Dissenting opinion

unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Expressed powers powers enumerated in the Constitution

franking privilege allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Conservative

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes?

Eminent domain allows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes? Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.

Political party Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

Civil liberties constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

Due process protection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments

Amicus curiae brief a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

basic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power

Reserved powers

in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

Soft money

Mass media all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

Hate speech offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment

equality of opportunity

National debt amount of money owed by the government

The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

Redistricting the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment

interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Fighting words speech that is likely to bring about public disorder or chaos; may be banned in public places to ensure the preservation of public order

Incumbency effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

Judicial restraint holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

Politics method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government

drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority

Concurrent jurisdiction jurisdiction the authority to hear cases is shared by federal and state courts

Impoundment refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

Anti-Federalists

Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.

Trial balloon

Political party

Standing committee a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

End this game?