AP Government duel

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

Retrospective

common policy concerns an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette 1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

Open rule in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

Closed primary a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party

Judicial activism a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

writ of certiorari a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

verbal and symbolic speech used together

alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

Bench trial a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

Prospective voting

Whip

Discretionary spending federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

Federalism a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

"marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for

Marble vs. layer cake federalism Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

On background information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

Dealigning

Civil rights positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.

Equal Protection Clause

Off year election an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election

requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

Opinion leaders those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

Independent executive agency

Bicameral legislature a two-house legislature

Party dealignment weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

after listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions

Political agenda

Motor Voter Law allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

Soft money money used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission

Federal question

Pure speech verbal communication of ideas and opinions

Impeachment bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives

Articles of Confederation the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

Pocket veto

Dealignment

Courts of Appeal

Great compromise a solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)

North American Free Trade Agreement created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs

Substantive due process

Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment

a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

Random sampling a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

Civil rights

a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed

Discretionary spending federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

Coattail

Direct democracy

Legislative Branch under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

Strict constitutionalist the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

Conference committee

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