Logrolling
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Interest group a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy
Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy
Margin of error
Ex post facto law a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed
an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term
Mandates requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal
Midterm elections congressional elections held between presidential elections
Pluralist theory of democracy
Redistricting
Political party
Moderate person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies
The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright
War Powers Act of 1973 a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension
Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers
Delegate
Politico a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)
rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it
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Legislative Branch
a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national
all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members
Loose Constructionist
Discharge petition
an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation
Line item veto the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional
Appellate courts courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law
prohibits the establishment of a national religion
Open primary
Policy formulation the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda
Patronage the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party
pork-barrel legislation
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a rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered
Party dealignment weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties
Straight-ticket voting voting for candidates all of the same party
Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness
application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment
a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy
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Judicial activism
Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example
attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods
an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest
De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law
Establishment clause
Political agenda issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power
the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda
an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation
Discrimination unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership
Hate speech offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment
Free rider an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation
Dual Federalism a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes? Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.
Amendment
Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor
Roe v. Wade (1973) The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.
let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases
Caucus (congressional) a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share
Regressive tax a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive
Concurrent jurisdiction jurisdiction the authority to hear cases is shared by federal and state courts
Oversight
Initiative
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