determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight
Issue networks
the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles
small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase
test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent
De jure segregation
segregation segregation that results from law
sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions
Dissenting opinion
opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion
North American Free Trade Agreement
On background
that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized
Policy formulation
the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda
Regressive tax
a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive
Hate speech
offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment
Direct primary
party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election
Privileges and Immunities Clause
states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states
Legislative Branch
information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source
Opinion leaders
a written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit
let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases
Independent regulatory agency
an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term
Oversight
Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent
Recall
special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term
extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns
government corporation
corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service
Constituency
drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another
New Jersey v. TLO (1985)
Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.
Federal system
writ of habeas corpus
a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released
