AP Government duel

Incrementalism small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase

joint resolution

Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

Single-member districts

Veto

Party dealignment

On background

Runoff primary when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

Extradition

Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

Bench trial a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

Barnettte v. McColumm Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale

Independent executive agency an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

Gender gap

Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster

independents people who have no party affiliation

a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

Declaration of Independence

service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term

Good-faith exception a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio

people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

Platform

Direct primary party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

Majority-minority districts

Referendum a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

Dual Federalism

Earmark a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

Bill of attainder

Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

Select committee a temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees

Betts v. Brady (1942) Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

Issue networks

holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

election commission a commission delegated to supervise an election

Federal question a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

Entitlement government benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status

corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service

the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

conformity to social norms and values, tough on criminals

Discrimination

settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

Political socialization

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes?

a two-house legislature

Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster

Separation of powers practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

Deviating election minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters

Party machine a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Maintaining elections traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

Open primary a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

End this game?