AP Government duel

Political ideology

Lemon v. Kurtzman Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

Constituency service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

federal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts

a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area

Civil liberties

Random sampling a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

Blanket primary a primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another

Diplomacy the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

Closed rule a rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered

Legislative courts courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term

President Pro Tempore

Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

Judicial activism a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

Due process protection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

stare decisis let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

Oversight Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent

Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

Block grants

Representative democracy

Dealignment

Floor leaders

the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles

Recess appointment

Expressed powers powers enumerated in the Constitution

Appellate courts

Amendment a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution

the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Roe v. Wade (1973) The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

Good-faith exception a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

government corporation

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Federal budget

method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party

Entitlement

the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

Judicial review authority given the courts to review the constitutionality of acts by the executive, states, or the

let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

North American Free Trade Agreement created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs

Constituency

the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

Incrementalism small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase

Fiscal policy

Superdelegates

Incorporation application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

Caucus locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

Closed primary a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party

Political action committees (PAC$)

Agenda setting identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve

Impoundment refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

End this game?