AP Government duel

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

a rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment

Concurring opinion

Liberal a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending

Caucus (congressional) a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

Individualism the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

Legislative Branch under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

Privileges and Immunities Clause

Loose Constructionist

Candidate centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

Amendment a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution

drafted in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain

Free rider an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

Rider

unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Impeachment bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives

Party machine

prior restraint action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship

Opinion leaders those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

Dealigning election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or

Party realignment a shift in voter loyalty in response to critical events; 1932 election of FD Roosevelt

a rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

Dealignment

Direct primary party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

Judicial branch

franking privilege allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

Executive order action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Policy formulation the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

Equal Protection Clause constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally

Runoff primary

Civil rights

a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

conformity to social norms and values, tough on criminals

Popular Socereignty basic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power

Interest group

Discrimination

Entitlement

Constitution the document setting forth the laws and principles of the government; a plan for government

Incrementalism small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase

Keynesian economics

Ratification

executive privilege a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

Deviating election minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters

Progressive generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation

Incumbent the person currently holding office

Divided government

weak government government that has limited control over economy or personal lives

Substantive due process the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

Judicial branch

Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

independents

Establishment clause prohibits the establishment of a national religion

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

writ of habeas corpus a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

Critical elections sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

End this game?