AP Government duel

War Powers Act of 1973

Political ideology a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

Advice and consent the Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties

citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Establishment clause

a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

General election voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

Categorical grants

Policy evaluation

Political action committees (PAC$)

Margin of error the percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common

Libertarianism

the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

Lemon test test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent

agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

De jure segregation

original jurisdiction

Conference committee a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

Soft money

Diplomacy the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy

Nonpartisan election an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

Single-member districts

Political culture

standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes

Libel false written statements about others that harm their reputation

Constituency service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

drafted in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain

Hard money money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal

powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Progressive

Individualism the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

Straw Poll a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

Dual Federalism a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

Connecticut (Great) Compromise settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

joint resolution A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president

Constitution

Regressive tax

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

Political ideology a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

Ex post facto law

Congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation

a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted

Conservative a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Off year election an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election

Off the record information information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Floor leaders direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Conference committee a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

Earmark a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

Majority opinion the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

Electorate people qualified to vote

allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

Oversight

allows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid

a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

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