AP Government duel

Exit poll a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted

Bench trial

Direct primary party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

Strict constitutionalist the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes

Independent executive agency

Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

Voter turnout the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

Mandates requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

Prince v. Massachusetts Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Establishment clause prohibits the establishment of a national religion

Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

Categorical grants federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

Roe v. Wade (1973) The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

Off the record information information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

a commission delegated to supervise an election

Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches

Socialism

Supremacy clause national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states

Referendum

Joint committee a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation

allows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid

supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution

Motor Voter Law

a commission delegated to supervise an election

Appellate jurisdiction

De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Mass media

Gatekeepers

DC v. Heller (2008) Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

Delegated powers powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution

a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

Diplomacy the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

Casework services performed by an elected official for constituents

Roe v. Wade (1973) The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

Party machine a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

Majority opinion the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

Natural rights basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny

Amendment

Federal question a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

Patronage the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

Discretionary spending federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

Liberal

Hate speech offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment

a statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank

Senatorial courtesy the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

money used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission

Three-fifths compromise agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

Strict constitutionalist

End this game?