AP Government duel

Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

Popular Socereignty basic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power

a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase

Implied powers powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

Delegate

information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

Public policy

Reapportionment

Constituency service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

Discrimination unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Free rider

Senatorial courtesy

Whip a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

Deficit government spending exceeds revenue

SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Exit poll a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted

Grants-in-aid

the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

Dual Federalism

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Gerrymandering

Advice and consent

Line item veto the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

National debt amount of money owed by the government

the president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress

Participatory democracy

an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Unitary system

Plurality vote

let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Incrementalism

Marble vs. layer cake federalism Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Impoundment refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Legislative courts

Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

Nonpartisan election an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

Commerce and slave trade compromise resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

Free exercise clause

Establishment clause prohibits the establishment of a national religion

a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension

Majority opinion

alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

Party machine

Procedural due process Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

Critical elections sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

Runoff primary

Random sampling a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

Politico a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

franking privilege allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

Amendment

Legislative veto when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment

Declaration of Independence drafted in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain

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