AP Government duel

Politics method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government

SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

pork-barrel legislation legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection

a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

Block grants

District courts lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held

Monetary policy

Caucus (congressional) a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

Party dealignment

Casework

Direct primary party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

Supremacy clause national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states

Pure speech

a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution

Legislative veto when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared

Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

equality of opportunity everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

Candidate centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

Straight-ticket voting voting for candidates all of the same party

Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Mandatory spending

Electorate

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Progressive

Public policy the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society

Mandates requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

Runoff primary when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

Reapportionment

stare decisis

Opinion leaders

Critical elections

agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

Platform a statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank

Single-member districts

positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.

Bench trial

Monetary policy economic policy in which the money supply is controlled through the Federal Reserve

Incorporation application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

money used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission

segregation segregation that results from law

On deep background information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

Amendment a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution

an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government

a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension

On background information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

National debt

Constituency

traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views

conformity to social norms and values, tough on criminals

a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

clause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4

Congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation

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