AP Government duel

amount of money owed by the government

Patronage

attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

Courts of Appeal

double jeopardy

Deregulation

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

common policy concerns an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

Extradition

Constitution the document setting forth the laws and principles of the government; a plan for government

Privileges and Immunities Clause states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

prior restraint

political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Discrimination unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Implied powers powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

Rules committee

Executive agreement

Policy implementation

Divided government one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area

verbal and symbolic speech used together

De facto segregation

a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

Whip a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

Public policy the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society

Moderate person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

Leak an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government

sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

prior restraint

a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio

unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

Elite Theory of Democracy the idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization

Fiscal federalism

federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

Get-out-the-vote a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

Nonpartisan election

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Constituency

Appellate jurisdiction jurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears

Establishment clause

gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause

Political party

a rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment

Senatorial courtesy

Free rider

Realignment

De jure segregation segregation segregation that results from law

resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Exit poll a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted

Direct democracy democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy

all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

Gatekeepers media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

Policy formulation

weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

End this game?