AP Government duel

Logrolling

Interest group a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

Margin of error

Ex post facto law a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed

an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term

Mandates requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

Midterm elections congressional elections held between presidential elections

Pluralist theory of democracy

Redistricting

Political party

Moderate person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

War Powers Act of 1973 a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Delegate

Politico a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it

Legislative Branch

a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members

Loose Constructionist

Discharge petition

an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

Line item veto the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

Appellate courts courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

prohibits the establishment of a national religion

Open primary

Policy formulation the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

Patronage the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

pork-barrel legislation

a rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered

Party dealignment weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

Straight-ticket voting voting for candidates all of the same party

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

Judicial activism

Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

Establishment clause

Political agenda issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power

the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

Discrimination unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Hate speech offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment

Free rider an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

Dual Federalism a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes? Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.

Amendment

Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

Roe v. Wade (1973) The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

Caucus (congressional) a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

Regressive tax a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Concurrent jurisdiction jurisdiction the authority to hear cases is shared by federal and state courts

Oversight

Initiative

End this game?