AP Government duel

Categorical grants

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes? The government cannot exert prior restraint.

nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Delegated powers

Executive order action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Limited Government

Joint committee a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation

Policy formulation the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

Bicameral legislature a two-house legislature

Runoff primary when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

Concurrent powers governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments

a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

Soft money

door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants

Federalism

Closed convention a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Judicial restraint holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

Marble vs. layer cake federalism Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

the Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties

a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

Procedural Due Process method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

Politico a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

Expressed powers powers enumerated in the Constitution

Regressive tax a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

Get-out-the-vote a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

Rules committee

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

Earmark a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

Republic a government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy

Majority leader the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

Midterm elections

a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

Iron triangle

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Incorporation application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

Superdelegates party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

Referendum

Media event

Floor leaders direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

DC v. Heller (2008)

Direct primary

original jurisdiction

Judicial review authority given the courts to review the constitutionality of acts by the executive, states, or the

Judicial restraint

agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

Civil rights positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.

Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

Enumerated powers powers that the Constitution specifically grants to the federal government

Runoff primary when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

Realignment

everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

End this game?