determines the rules for debate for bills in the House
Frozen!
Frozen!
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Candidatecentered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation
Single-member districtsonly one representative is chosen from each legislative district
Iron trianglealliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees
Rule of foura rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case
sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions
Electoral Collegerepresentatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president
Conference committeea committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress
programs, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs
Rider
Closed rulea rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered
Democracya system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation
Lemon testtest standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent
independentspeople who have no party affiliation
the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda
Whipa majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Federalist Paperswritten by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction
Cooperative federalism"marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for
Coattaileffect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most
Appellate courts
Closed conventiona party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries
Equal Protection Clauseconstitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally
joint resolutionA formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president
Unfunded mandatesmandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary
Senatorial courtesythe practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts
speech plus
The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright
a political system in which all power is derived from the central government
Affirmative action
Delegatean elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants
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Frozen!
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Elastic clausethe necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers
Bill
Slanderfalse verbal statements about others that harm their reputation
in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation
Legislative Branchunder Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws
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party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses
Fiscal federalisma type of federalism that deals with the flow of funds through grants and other means from the federal government to the states
Concurring opinionjustice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision
Constituency
Mandatesrequirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal
a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals
Civil libertiesconstitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.
Good-faith exceptiona rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio
when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared
Federal budget decicitthe difference in any year between government spending and government revenue
Party realignment
Public opinion
Exclusionary rulethat evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized
Reapportionmentredistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution
method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures
mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary
Grassroots lobbyingorganizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy
Gender gap
writ of habeas corpus
Political culture
Political efficacybelief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking
the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.
a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case
those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may