AP Government duel

federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

Legislative courts courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term

On the record information provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

Direct democracy democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy

Platform a statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank

Concurring opinion

information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

Get-out-the-vote a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

Lobbying

Deficit government spending exceeds revenue

Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

allows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid

a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

Miranda warning

franking privilege allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

Prospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views

Socialism a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

money used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission

Casework services performed by an elected official for constituents

written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

writ of habeas corpus a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

Courts of Appeal

Closed rule

Deregulation

Policy evaluation

SuperPAC

Federal question a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

Discrimination unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

Legislative veto

Divided government one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

Trustee after listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions

a speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light

Implied powers powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Get-out-the-vote

War Powers Act of 1973 a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension

Plurality vote

Marble vs. layer cake federalism Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

Primary election nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Politico

Caucus (congressional) a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members

person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

Lemon test test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent

media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

New Jersey v. TLO (1985) Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.

Midterm elections congressional elections held between presidential elections

the person currently holding office

President Pro Tempore

Concurrent powers governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments

Unanimous consent an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

Independent executive agency an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

Procedural due process Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

Pardon a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

Discharge petition a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes

Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

End this game?