AP Government duel

Constituent all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members

Courts of Appeal

Elite Theory of Democracy

Loose Constructionist the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

Open rule in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

government benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status

Libel

drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue

amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

Privileges and Immunities Clause states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law

a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

Leak

Popular Socereignty

DC v. Heller (2008) Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

writ of certiorari a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

verbal communication of ideas and opinions

Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

Unfunded mandates

Legislative courts

using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

Referendum

a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

National debt amount of money owed by the government

Gatekeepers media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

Free rider

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette 1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party

Symbolic speech using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

distribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state

under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people

Interest group

Patronage

On the record information

General election voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents

Substantive due process the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

Declaration of Independence

the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

Articles of Confederation the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

Lemon v. Kurtzman

Discharge petition

Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

Whip a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

Impoundment refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

Three-fifths compromise agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

Reapportionment redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

Participatory democracy

Plurality vote electoral process in which the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate is elected

a commission delegated to supervise an election

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision

a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches

Republic

Eminent domain allows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid

offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment

Incumbent the person currently holding office

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