AP Government duel

Caucus

Appellate courts courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

Connecticut (Great) Compromise settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

Free rider

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes?

Liberal a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending

Unfunded mandates mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

Discretionary spending

Sound bite a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio

Amicus curiae brief a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

Lemon test

verbal communication of ideas and opinions

Iron triangle alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

stare decisis let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority

an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

On deep background information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

Mandates requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

Interest group a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

Majority leader the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

government spending exceeds revenue

Loose Constructionist the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

equality of opportunity everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

Hard money money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal

opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

National debt amount of money owed by the government

unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Libel false written statements about others that harm their reputation

Amicus curiae brief a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

Marble vs. layer cake federalism Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

Independent executive agency

Political party Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

Incumbent the person currently holding office

Eminent domain

Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Concurring opinion

Single-member districts

the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

independents

the warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights

let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

prior restraint action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship

the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term

Reserved powers

sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

Brief

using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

the Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties

a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

End this game?