AP Government duel

Substantive due process

a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments

Iron triangle

Direct primary

Blanket primary a primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another

Oversight

Roe v. Wade (1973) The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

Moderate person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

Precedent standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes

Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives

Referendum

Liberal a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending

Majority-minority districts

original jurisdiction the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

protection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments

a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Federal question a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

writ of certiorari

grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

Enumerated powers

Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

On deep background information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

Straight-ticket voting voting for candidates all of the same party

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

Opinion leaders those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

Constituency service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

Republic a government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy

test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)

a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio

Divided government

Joint committee

Checks and balances

Legislative veto when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared

Closed primary a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party

Betts v. Brady (1942) Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

Popular Socereignty basic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power

Dealigning election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or

Realigning election when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election

Political ideology a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

Mass media all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

Articles of Confederation the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

weak government

Federal budget decicit the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue

Deregulation

action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Courts of Appeal federal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts

the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

original jurisdiction

the idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization

Brief

Unanimous consent

people qualified to vote

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