AP Government duel

Policy formulation the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Electoral College representatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president

Gatekeepers

Get-out-the-vote a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

Cooperative federalism "marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for

Regressive tax a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Fighting words speech that is likely to bring about public disorder or chaos; may be banned in public places to ensure the preservation of public order

Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

Concurrent jurisdiction jurisdiction the authority to hear cases is shared by federal and state courts

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

Recess appointment

a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority

a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

Unfunded mandates

Issue networks

Public opinion

Bench trial

holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

Procedural due process Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Betts v. Brady (1942) Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

electoral process in which the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate is elected

resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Enumerated powers powers that the Constitution specifically grants to the federal government

constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally

when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law

Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

representatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president

Powell v. Alabama (1932)

Free exercise clause

Nonpartisan election an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

Three-fifths compromise agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

Implied powers

party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

At-large all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Platform a statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank

Block grants grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

Straw Poll

Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Judicial review authority given the courts to review the constitutionality of acts by the executive, states, or the

Filibuster a lengthy speech designed to delay the vote on a bill in the Senate; can be ended by a cloture motion and vote

the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Political party Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

Direct democracy democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy

Individualism

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party

a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

Diplomacy the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

Pure speech

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