AP Government duel

Hate speech offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment

Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

Expressed powers powers enumerated in the Constitution

Implied powers powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

Incumbency effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

Independent regulatory agency an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term

Federal question a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

double jeopardy

Progressive

Random sampling a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

Whip a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

Executive order action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Dealignment when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party

Devolution

Independent executive agency

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes?

Amicus curiae brief

Due process

Public policy the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society

a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion.

Eminent domain

Ex post facto law

Civil rights positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.

the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

Policy formulation the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

Strict constitutionalist the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

Closed primary

Pure speech verbal communication of ideas and opinions

Standing committee a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area

an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government

Electorate

franking privilege allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

Mandatory spending spending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments

Declaration of Independence

those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Veto the president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress

a rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered

Political agenda issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power

the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Bill a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion.

Federal question

Majority opinion the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925)

Mandates

Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

Pluralist theory of democracy

Closed primary

Civil rights positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.

Incorporation application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

Gatekeepers media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

Federal budget decicit the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue

Logrolling

North American Free Trade Agreement created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs

End this game?