AP Government duel

traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

Discrimination unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Party machine a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

Eminent domain allows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid

Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925) States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Progressive

Exit poll

Dual Federalism a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

Gender gap

Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Off year election an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election

Powell v. Alabama (1932) The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

Good-faith exception a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio

Categorical grants federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

Barnettte v. McColumm

writ of certiorari a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

Incrementalism small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase

Unanimous consent an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes

Majority opinion the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

Dealigning

Bill a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion.

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

weak government government that has limited control over economy or personal lives

Mandates

congressional elections held between presidential elections

US Gov needs to at least have a hearing to determine a war prisoner's charge

National debt amount of money owed by the government

Separation of powers

Caucus locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Policy adoption

Majority opinion

Select committee a temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

independents

On the record information provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

Rule of four

Impoundment refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

Lemon test test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent

Policy formulation

a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

Politico

Redistricting the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment

States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Civil liberties constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy

voting for candidates all of the same party

Courts of Appeal federal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts

Voter turnout the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

Executive order

Coattail effect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most

a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

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