AP Government duel

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

Implied powers

Participatory democracy

a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

Runoff primary when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

Federal budget

Connecticut (Great) Compromise settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

Closed convention a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Bench trial a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

Party realignment a shift in voter loyalty in response to critical events; 1932 election of FD Roosevelt

Gridlock

justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision

Caucus

Majority-minority districts

a law that makes a person guilty of a crime without a trial; neither Congress nor the states can enact such a law Constitutionally

Prospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views

Gerrymandering

Exit poll

Straw Poll

double jeopardy

unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Procedural Due Process method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures

Unfunded mandates

Socialism

Public policy the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society

Diplomacy the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

Constituency

Good-faith exception a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio

agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

Constitution

Incumbent the person currently holding office

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Equal Protection Clause constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally

Majority opinion the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

Divided government one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

Deregulation the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers

action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

pork-barrel legislation legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

Independent regulatory agency

Filibuster a lengthy speech designed to delay the vote on a bill in the Senate; can be ended by a cloture motion and vote

Substantive due process

Libertarianism people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

Patronage the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

Dual Federalism

Closed convention a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

Political agenda issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power

General election voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents

Courts of Appeal federal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)

determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

Revolving door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants

locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

Keynesian economics the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

Electoral College representatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president

End this game?