AP Government duel

Redistricting

Constituency service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

Moderate

Midterm elections

Administrative Discretion the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

Eminent domain allows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid

constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes?

Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

Amicus curiae brief a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

Primary election nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Get-out-the-vote

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Casework services performed by an elected official for constituents

Honeymoon period the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

Pardon

Incumbent

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Deficit government spending exceeds revenue

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment

a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

Pluralist theory of democracy

Interest group

Hard money money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal

Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster

Judicial branch responsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district

North American Free Trade Agreement

Superdelegates party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

Sound bite a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio

Executive agreement agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

services performed by an elected official for constituents

how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy

Checks and balances

the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

Discrimination unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Legislative veto

Concurrent powers governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments

Caucus (congressional)

Ratification method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

Judicial activism

Mass media all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

Judicial branch responsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district

Brief a written document submitted to a court that presents the facts and legal reasoning of a party to the lawsuit

Revolving door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants

agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

Participatory democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials;

Pocket veto when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law

Fighting words speech that is likely to bring about public disorder or chaos; may be banned in public places to ensure the preservation of public order

requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

weak government

Majority-minority districts drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority

joint resolution A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president

Deregulation the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers

Direct democracy democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy

Federal budget amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

Whip a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

End this game?