traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty
Frozen!
Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example
Cloturea method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster
Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas
Congressional oversightrefers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation
provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name
Representative democracy
Monetary policy
Closed convention
Judicial reviewauthority given the courts to review the constitutionality of acts by the executive, states, or the
effect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most
President Pro Tempore
Rule of foura rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case
a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls
On backgroundinformation provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee
States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder
Realigning electionwhen a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election
Cabinetgovernment departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity
Politicsmethod of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government
Miranda warningthe warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights
lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held
method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law
equality of opportunityeveryone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts
a type of federalism that deals with the flow of funds through grants and other means from the federal government to the states
Popular Socereigntybasic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power
a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy
the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision
using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea
Reapportionmentredistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution
Regressive tax
Unanimous consent
Frozen!
Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
Off the record informationinformation provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use
Affirmative action
Conservative
Discretionary spendingfederal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees
Boost!
Boost!
Discriminationunfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership
Split-ticket votingvoting for candidates from more than one party in the same election
Good-faith exceptiona rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio
SuperPACpolitical organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections
Ideology
Political ideologya consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy
Patronage
Unitary systema political system in which all power is derived from the central government
Political action committees (PAC$)extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns
a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian
Closed primarya primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party
Dissenting opinionopinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion
settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate
Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago
Judicial restraintholds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution
government corporation
Trial balloontests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction
Policy formulation
a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers
Standing committeea permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area
Betts v. Brady (1942)Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer
Fiscal policyhow the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy
De facto segregationsegregation that results from living patterns rather than law