AP Government duel

Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause)

Unitary system

Impoundment refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

a rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment

Independent regulatory agency

Lobbying

Categorical grants federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

Government

Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

National debt amount of money owed by the government

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.

Declaration of Independence drafted in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain

Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Rule of four

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette 1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

DC v. Heller (2008) Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

Hamdi v. Rumsfield (2004) US Gov needs to at least have a hearing to determine a war prisoner's charge

a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

Libel false written statements about others that harm their reputation

minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters

a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale

voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances

Legislative Branch

Separation of powers practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

Lemon v. Kurtzman Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

Great compromise a solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)

Political efficacy belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

representatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president

Political party

Mass media all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

Bill a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion.

minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters

serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

Fiscal policy how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy

the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

Markup

Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

common policy concerns an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

Reapportionment

Trial balloon

Block grants

Administrative Discretion the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

prior restraint

Opinion leaders

On background information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

Mandatory spending spending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments

Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

End this game?