Barnettte v. McColummUpholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale
Delegatean elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants
Sound bitea very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio
Roe v. Wade (1973)The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.
Strict constitutionalist
Realignmenta shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support
Midterm elections
the idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization
Appellate courtscourts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law
under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people
Subsidya sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive
Interest group
Fighting wordsspeech that is likely to bring about public disorder or chaos; may be banned in public places to ensure the preservation of public order
weak governmentgovernment that has limited control over economy or personal lives
Unanimous consentan agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation
Primary election
Nonpartisan election
Boost!
Boost!
special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term
executive privilegea claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers
the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited
double jeopardy
Keynesian economicsthe belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation
Privileges and Immunities Clausestates are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states
a solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)
election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or
Miranda warningthe warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights
rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it
government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity
Dual Federalism
Political efficacy
Frozen!
Frozen!
Hard moneymoney used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal
Ideologya consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals
Procedural due process
On the record information
Federalisma division of governmental powers between the national government and the states
Filibustera lengthy speech designed to delay the vote on a bill in the Senate; can be ended by a cloture motion and vote
Closed primarya primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party
holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution
Public policy
standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes
everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts
corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service
Impeachmentbringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives
Deficit
Boost!
Boost!
Judicial review
the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate
courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term
people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,
Independent regulatory agencyan agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term
Policy formulation
Deviating electionminority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters
Recess appointmenta presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation
Regressive tax
Miranda warningthe warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights
governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments
Boost!
Boost!
Diplomacythe conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations
to social norms and values, tough on criminals
Retrospective
Honeymoon periodthe time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public