Leak
an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government
Maintaining elections
traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty
Affirmative action
a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions
Pocket veto
when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law
equality of opportunity
everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts
Gender gap
Popular Socereignty
Fiscal federalism
a type of federalism that deals with the flow of funds through grants and other means from the federal government to the states
Iron triangle
alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees
De facto segregation
Realigning election
when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election
Closed primary
a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party
Reserved powers
under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment
Judicial Review
Exit poll
a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted
Casework
an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest
Civil liberties
constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.
Powell v. Alabama (1932)
The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright
standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes
Great compromise
Open rule
in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation
Executive order
action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review
carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes?
The government cannot exert prior restraint.
Midterm elections
congressional elections held between presidential elections
Party realignment
a shift in voter loyalty in response to critical events; 1932 election of FD Roosevelt
Judicial activism
a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy
a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"
