Rule of foura rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case
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Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio
Congressional reviewCongress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution
Congressional oversight
Conference committeea committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress
Separation of powerspractice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches
Concurring opinionjustice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision
Progressive taxa tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example
joint resolutionA formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president
Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment
a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy
Hyde Amendment (1976)Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.
Majority leaderthe elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate
governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments
prior restraint
a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)
Midterm elections
Federal budget
President Pro Temporeserves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority
identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve
Marble vs. layer cake federalismMarble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas
issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power
Maintaining electionstraditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty
agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate
information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use
Due processprotection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments
Blanket primary
a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"
speech plusverbal and symbolic speech used together
segregation that results from living patterns rather than law
the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers
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Frozen!
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Boost!
Federal systema political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government
Open rule
the exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes?Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.
Due processprotection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments
Legislative vetowhen Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared
Media eventa speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light
Fighting wordsspeech that is likely to bring about public disorder or chaos; may be banned in public places to ensure the preservation of public order
Motor Voter Lawallows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices
money used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission
independentspeople who have no party affiliation
Political efficacybelief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking
Hard money
Rules committee
Prince v. MassachusettsReligion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder
Dealigningelection party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or
Dealignmentwhen a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party
Gridlock
test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent
Exit poll
let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases
Public opiniona collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy
Policy adoptionthe approval of a policy by legislation
election commissiona commission delegated to supervise an election
a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries
Affirmative actiona program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions
equality of opportunityeveryone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts