AP Government duel

Gender gap

The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

Opinion leaders those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

Lemon v. Kurtzman Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

Honeymoon period

franking privilege allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

President Pro Tempore

Deviating election

Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Political agenda

Soft money money used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission

Constituency service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

Logrolling

Great compromise a solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)

all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

Categorical grants

Pardon

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette 1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

Primary election

Senatorial courtesy the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

Straight-ticket voting

Deficit

method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

Party dealignment

election commission

Closed convention a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Devolution an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government

Exit poll

Independent regulatory agency

executive privilege a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

common policy concerns an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

Roe v. Wade (1973) The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

Elite Theory of Democracy the idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization

allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

Discretionary spending federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

Straight-ticket voting voting for candidates all of the same party

allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

Cabinet government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity

Policy evaluation

Impeachment bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives

Runoff primary when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

Bill of attainder a law that makes a person guilty of a crime without a trial; neither Congress nor the states can enact such a law Constitutionally

the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy

Civil rights positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.

a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

the approval of a policy by legislation

Iron triangle alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

services performed by an elected official for constituents

Dual Federalism

Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

Superdelegates

Liberal a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending

Joint committee a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation

Closed rule a rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered

the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

End this game?