AP Government duel

carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

money used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission

Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

Categorical grants federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

Iron triangle

Politics

Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

Amendment

Concurrent powers governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Political efficacy belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

Closed convention a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Rules committee determines the rules for debate for bills in the House

Apportionment

agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

Courts of Appeal

election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or

a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

powers enumerated in the Constitution

Discharge petition a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes

Constituency service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution

the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

Prince v. Massachusetts

Pardon a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Recall special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

Incumbency effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

Standing committee a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area

Full faith and credit clause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4

Critical elections

Electoral College

Substantive due process the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

Voter turnout the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

conformity

Agenda setting

constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

Categorical grants federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

independents people who have no party affiliation

person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

Regressive tax

Cabinet

Bill of attainder a law that makes a person guilty of a crime without a trial; neither Congress nor the states can enact such a law Constitutionally

Executive order action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Leak an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government

Media event

Filibuster

Earmark

the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

Senatorial courtesy

Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

Republic a government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy

Appellate courts courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

Anti-Federalists

Hard money money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal

End this game?