AP Government duel

Hyde Amendment (1976)

Public policy the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society

Hate speech offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment

refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation

Natural rights

powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

Bill of Rights

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

Establishment clause

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation

Commerce and slave trade compromise

Government

carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve

On background information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

Elite Theory of Democracy

Conservative a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Policy adoption the approval of a policy by legislation

minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters

Federal budget

Retrospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances

Open convention

nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Critical elections

De facto segregation

Oversight

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

Majority-minority districts drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority

a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending

government corporation corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service

Gerrymandering drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

Runoff primary when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio

Realigning election

stare decisis let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Moderate person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

Representative democracy

Agenda setting identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve

Congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation

a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Anti-Federalists

Impeachment bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives

Impoundment refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

Prince v. Massachusetts Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

Political action committees (PAC$) extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns

Equal Protection Clause

Elite Theory of Democracy the idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization

Procedural due process

Hard money

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