AP Government duel

Equal Protection Clause constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally

Federalism a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Maintaining elections traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

Joint committee a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation

those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

De jure segregation

Procedural due process Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

independents people who have no party affiliation

Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

At-large

Motor Voter Law

Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Public opinion a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

Impeachment bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette

Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925) States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

De facto segregation

Progressive tax

Appellate courts courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

Good-faith exception

Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

Symbolic speech

General election voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Conference committee a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

Closed primary a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party

Judicial Review Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Impoundment

the Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties

stare decisis let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

Gerrymandering drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

Federal question a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

Prince v. Massachusetts

Pure speech

Referendum a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

Natural rights basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny

Markup rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

Legislative courts

Liberal a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending

Powell v. Alabama (1932) The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

electoral process in which the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate is elected

Get-out-the-vote a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

Impeachment

election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or

Opinion leaders those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

Marble vs. layer cake federalism

Caucus locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

Independent executive agency

Commerce and slave trade compromise resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

Pocket veto when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law

Nonpartisan election

Conservative

Cloture

Amicus curiae brief a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

original jurisdiction the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

Administrative Discretion

SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Grants-in-aid programs, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs

End this game?