Politicsmethod of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government
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SuperPACpolitical organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections
pork-barrel legislationlegislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection
a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)
Block grants
District courtslowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held
Monetary policy
Caucus (congressional)a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share
Party dealignment
Casework
Direct primaryparty members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election
Supremacy clausenational laws supersedes all other laws passed by states
Pure speech
a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution
Legislative vetowhen Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared
Democracya system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation
equality of opportunityeveryone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts
Candidatecentered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation
Representative democracycitizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic
Gridlockwhen opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government
Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government
Straight-ticket votingvoting for candidates all of the same party
Anti-Federaliststhose opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights
Mandatory spending
Electorate
Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright
Progressive
Public policythe exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society
Mandatesrequirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal
a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability
Runoff primarywhen no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary
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a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy
Subsidya sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive
Reapportionment
stare decisis
Opinion leaders
Critical elections
agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate
Platforma statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank
Single-member districts
positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.
Bench trial
Monetary policyeconomic policy in which the money supply is controlled through the Federal Reserve
Incorporationapplication of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment
money used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission
segregation segregation that results from law
On deep backgroundinformation provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source
Amendmenta revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution
an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government
a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension
On backgroundinformation provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee
Gridlockwhen opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government
National debt
Constituency
traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty
a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views
conformityto social norms and values, tough on criminals
a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party
clause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4
Congressional oversightrefers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation