AP Government duel

Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

Soft money money used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission

Strict constitutionalist the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

Procedural due process

Closed rule

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

Socialism a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

Opinion leaders those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

Regressive tax

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives

Oversight

Dual Federalism

writ of certiorari a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

Fiscal policy how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy

Exit poll a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted

Judicial activism a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

Loose Constructionist the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Amendment a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution

equality of opportunity

Civil liberties constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

Veto the president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress

Entitlement government benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

Straw Poll a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

Markup

stare decisis

Candidate

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

congressional elections held between presidential elections

Separation of powers

Dealigning election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or

Independent executive agency

Redistricting

Oversight Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent

Executive agreement agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

speech that is likely to bring about public disorder or chaos; may be banned in public places to ensure the preservation of public order

Administrative Discretion the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy

the idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization

Revolving

Policy implementation

joint resolution

a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Discharge petition

Mandates

when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election

Inherent powers powers powers, usually claimed by the president, that are implied but not specifically stated in the Constitution or are derived from the office

Pardon

Elastic clause

Diplomacy the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

Miranda warning

Coattail

Political efficacy belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

Unanimous consent an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

Ideology

End this game?