when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law
powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause
a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case
Interest group
a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy
a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national
writ of habeas corpus
Bill of attainder
a law that makes a person guilty of a crime without a trial; neither Congress nor the states can enact such a law Constitutionally
the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision
people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,
Democracy
a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation
Dealigning
election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or
franking privilege
allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge
Conference committee
a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress
Random sampling
a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll
Lobbying
attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods
Representative democracy
citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic
Joint committee
Recall
special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term
Realigning election
"marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for
Get-out-the-vote
Keynesian economics
Closed convention
a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries
Caucus
Trial balloon
Powell v. Alabama (1932)
The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright
Procedural due process
Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.
Redistricting
the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment
Procedural Due Process
