AP Government duel

Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Hamdi v. Rumsfield (2004) US Gov needs to at least have a hearing to determine a war prisoner's charge

Bench trial a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

Commerce and slave trade compromise resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

Dual Federalism a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Platform

Political party

voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents

Judicial branch

independents people who have no party affiliation

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

Barnettte v. McColumm Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale

DC v. Heller (2008)

Candidate centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

Federal budget decicit

a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

Realigning election when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election

Limited Government a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship

Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

Markup

a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause

Superdelegates

On background

jurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears

a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Gatekeepers media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

Loose Constructionist the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.

Judicial activism a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

Dealigning election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or

a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Earmark a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared

the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

Subsidy

Independent executive agency an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

Discharge petition a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes

Constitution the document setting forth the laws and principles of the government; a plan for government

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Straight-ticket voting

executive privilege a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

Midterm elections congressional elections held between presidential elections

common policy concerns an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

Libel false written statements about others that harm their reputation

Public policy

Good-faith exception a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio

Open primary

Constituent

Block grants grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

Plurality vote electoral process in which the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate is elected

speech that is likely to bring about public disorder or chaos; may be banned in public places to ensure the preservation of public order

a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party

to social norms and values, tough on criminals

Advice and consent the Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties

End this game?