AP Government duel

Oversight

Concurrent jurisdiction jurisdiction the authority to hear cases is shared by federal and state courts

refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

War Powers Act of 1973

Unanimous consent an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

Judicial activism

method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government

a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

Party machine a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

Concurrent powers governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments

a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

Incorporation application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

economic policy in which the money supply is controlled through the Federal Reserve

Veto

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

double jeopardy a rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment

Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Dealignment

a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution

opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Apportionment distribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state

Open convention a party national convention at which no candidate has won a majority of the delegates in the primaries; the candidate is chosen by the convention

one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

Advice and consent the Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties

method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures

Federal question a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

Gatekeepers media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes? Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.

Judicial Review

the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

Logrolling

Party realignment

Inherent powers

Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

Federal budget decicit the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue

Miranda warning the warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights

Random sampling a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

Lemon test test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent

determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

Opinion leaders

Discharge petition

Executive agreement

that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized

Moderate person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

Pure speech

Rider an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

Establishment clause prohibits the establishment of a national religion

SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Individualism

Executive order

Equal Protection Clause constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally

Issue networks the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles

Civil liberties constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures

Caucus

Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Deficit government spending exceeds revenue

End this game?