those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights
Political agendaissues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power
Ex post facto lawa law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed
Cabinet
Political efficacy
Lemon v. Kurtzman
common policy concernsan association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest
Reserved powersunder the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people
using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea
Hard moneymoney used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal
Dealigning
a commission delegated to supervise an election
an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants
Agenda settingidentification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve
Judicial ReviewAuthority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison
Motor Voter Law
Executive agreement
Courts of Appealfederal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts
Keynesian economicsthe belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation
Recess appointmenta presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation
a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension
Senatorial courtesythe practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts
action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review
Hate speechoffensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment
Open primarya primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party
Substantive due processthe policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections
Prince v. Massachusetts
Runoff primarywhen no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary
Expressed powerspowers enumerated in the Constitution
Frozen!
Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values
Substantive due processthe policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections
Betts v. Brady (1942)Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer
Limited Governmenta governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority
Political efficacy
"marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for
independents
Exclusionary rule
a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio
Roe v. Wade (1973)The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.
Equal Protection Clauseconstitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally
Plurality vote
At-largeall the voters of a state or county elect their representative
holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution
Platforma statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank
government spending exceeds revenue
Apportionmentdistribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state
original jurisdiction
redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution
Entitlement
a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example
Boost!
Boost!
Dissenting opinionopinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion
Individualism
Gender gapa situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues
Dual Federalism
Natural rights
New York Times Co. v. SullivanThe Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"
Random sampling
a shift in voter loyalty in response to critical events; 1932 election of FD Roosevelt