AP Government duel

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Dual Federalism a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

On background

independents people who have no party affiliation

allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Realigning election when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

District courts lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held

a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

Off the record information information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Referendum a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal

citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Media event a speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light

Bench trial

Candidate centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette

De facto segregation

Diplomacy the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

Lemon test test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent

written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

National debt

Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Amicus curiae brief

Natural rights basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny

Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

District courts lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held

Logrolling the exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills

conformity

Executive order action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Precedent standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes

Legislative veto when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared

Deregulation the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers

Referendum a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

Prospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views

Policy formulation the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

Articles of Confederation

Procedural due process

Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

Fighting words speech that is likely to bring about public disorder or chaos; may be banned in public places to ensure the preservation of public order

Policy implementation

Policy adoption the approval of a policy by legislation

the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society

SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Revolving door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants

Commerce and slave trade compromise

Keynesian economics the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

Recall special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

Trustee

Apportionment

Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.

issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power

Unitary system

Eminent domain

Democracy

End this game?