AP Government duel

Gridlock

a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Lemon v. Kurtzman Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

Platform a statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank

complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

original jurisdiction

Amendment

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Sound bite a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Off year election an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election

Casework

Public opinion a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

Limited Government

Appellate jurisdiction jurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears

serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Separation of powers

franking privilege allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

a shift in voter loyalty in response to critical events; 1932 election of FD Roosevelt

Motor Voter Law allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area

Federalist Papers

Civil liberties

Get-out-the-vote

Great compromise a solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)

Federal question a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

Filibuster a lengthy speech designed to delay the vote on a bill in the Senate; can be ended by a cloture motion and vote

Margin of error the percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common

Mass media all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters

Federalist supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

writ of habeas corpus

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

Keynesian economics the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

Free rider an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

electoral process in which the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate is elected

resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

SuperPAC

Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925) States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Bill of attainder

conformity to social norms and values, tough on criminals

Judicial Review

powers enumerated in the Constitution

Unfunded mandates

a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party

Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Gatekeepers

De jure segregation

Open rule in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

the person currently holding office

Amendment

Advice and consent

Strict constitutionalist the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

Motor Voter Law allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

End this game?