Pluralist theory of democracyinterest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts
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powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause
Checks and balances
verbal communication of ideas and opinions
Leakan unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government
Line item veto
allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge
Random samplinga statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll
Direct primaryparty members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election
Federal budgetamount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year
Hate speechoffensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment
Elite Theory of Democracythe idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization
stare decisis
Gender gap
Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas
Incumbentthe person currently holding office
Reserved powersunder the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people
Conservativea person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,
Congressional review
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Enumerated powerspowers that the Constitution specifically grants to the federal government
Republica government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy
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Civil rightspositive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.
Federalist Paperswritten by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction
Judicial branchresponsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district
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Constitutionthe document setting forth the laws and principles of the government; a plan for government
Off the record informationinformation provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use
War Powers Act of 1973a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension
Party machinea political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt
At-largeall the voters of a state or county elect their representative
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Diplomacythe conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations
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Eminent domain
Deficit
Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925)
Apportionmentdistribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes?
Majority-minority districtsdrawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority
Elastic clausethe necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers
Supremacy clausenational laws supersedes all other laws passed by states
Bill of attaindera law that makes a person guilty of a crime without a trial; neither Congress nor the states can enact such a law Constitutionally
courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law
Categorical grantsfederal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached
Deviating electionminority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters
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Amendmenta revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution
serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority
DC v. Heller (2008)
Cabinet
Veto
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independents
method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law
Critical electionssharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions
Reserved powers
supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution
Fiscal federalisma type of federalism that deals with the flow of funds through grants and other means from the federal government to the states
Platform
Legislative vetowhen Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared
Random sampling
a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries