AP Government duel

Off year election an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election

extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns

executive privilege a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

Progressive generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation

Trustee

Federalist supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution

Platform

franking privilege

a commission delegated to supervise an election

Roe v. Wade (1973) The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

New Jersey v. TLO (1985)

Policy implementation

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

Direct democracy

Diplomacy

SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

Media event a speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light

party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

Keynesian economics the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

Executive order

an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government

Realigning election when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election

Mandates requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

Open primary a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

Party dealignment weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

Referendum

Ratification method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Checks and balances a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches

Mass media

Politics

Conservative a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

On deep background information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

Agenda setting identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve

the person currently holding office

Dealignment when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party

Constituency

Privileges and Immunities Clause states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

Joint committee a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation

Appellate jurisdiction jurisdiction the power a court has to review the decision of a lower court; the Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction in the overwhelming majority of the cases it hears

Powell v. Alabama (1932) The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

Random sampling

a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

Caucus (congressional)

writ of habeas corpus

writ of certiorari

Maintaining elections traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

Cooperative federalism "marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for

Federal budget

sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

Direct primary

Front loading the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

Free rider

Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster

End this game?