Exit poll a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted
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Bench trial
Direct primary party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election
Strict constitutionalist the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution
standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes
Independent executive agency
Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor
Voter turnout the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot
Mandates requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal
Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level
in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation
Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas
Prince v. Massachusetts Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder
Establishment clause prohibits the establishment of a national religion
Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example
Categorical grants federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached
Roe v. Wade (1973) The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.
Off the record information information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use
The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"
a commission delegated to supervise an election
Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government
courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law
a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches
Socialism
Supremacy clause national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states
Referendum
Joint committee a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation
allows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid
supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution
Motor Voter Law
a commission delegated to supervise an election
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Appellate jurisdiction
De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law
Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers
Mass media
Gatekeepers
DC v. Heller (2008) Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago
Delegated powers powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution
a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes
Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level
the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited
Diplomacy the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations
Casework services performed by an elected official for constituents
Roe v. Wade (1973) The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.
Party machine a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt
Majority opinion the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision
Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods
Natural rights basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny
Amendment
Federal question a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties
Patronage the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party
Discretionary spending federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees
Liberal
Hate speech offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment
a statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank
Senatorial courtesy the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts
money used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission
Three-fifths compromise agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation
Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation
Strict constitutionalist
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