AP Government duel

traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster

Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

Congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation

provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

Representative democracy

Monetary policy

Closed convention

Judicial review authority given the courts to review the constitutionality of acts by the executive, states, or the

effect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most

President Pro Tempore

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

On background information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Realigning election when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election

Cabinet government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity

Politics method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government

Miranda warning the warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights

lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held

method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

equality of opportunity everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

a type of federalism that deals with the flow of funds through grants and other means from the federal government to the states

Popular Socereignty basic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power

a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

Reapportionment redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

Regressive tax

Unanimous consent

Off the record information information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Affirmative action

Conservative

Discretionary spending federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

Discrimination unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

Good-faith exception a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio

SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Ideology

Political ideology a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

Patronage

Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Political action committees (PAC$) extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns

a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

Closed primary a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party

Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

Judicial restraint holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

government corporation

Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

Policy formulation

a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

Standing committee a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area

Betts v. Brady (1942) Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

Fiscal policy how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy

De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan

Lobbying

End this game?