states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states
Frozen!
Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy
National debt amount of money owed by the government
Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case
Unfunded mandates mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary
Closed rule a rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered
Cabinet government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity
the Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties
Lemon test test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent
Redistricting the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment
Appellate courts courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law
a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share
Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion
a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals
Courts of Appeal federal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts
services performed by an elected official for constituents
Realigning election when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election
gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause
Nonpartisan election
Congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation
Line item veto
a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll
Dual Federalism a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"
the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation
Public opinion
party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses
the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy
Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy
Apportionment
Mandatory spending spending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments
Unfunded mandates mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary
Frozen!
Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
Nonpartisan election
On deep background
agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation
action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review
Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election
Hyde Amendment (1976)
Judicial branch responsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district
Regressive tax
Pure speech verbal communication of ideas and opinions
written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction
Amicus curiae brief a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"
the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot
Realignment
Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor
protection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments
Deficit government spending exceeds revenue
National debt amount of money owed by the government
Single-member districts
Trustee
Whip a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party
Deregulation
Standing committee a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area
District courts
Agenda setting identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve
Revolving door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants
Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government
a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries
Betts v. Brady (1942) Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer
Redistricting
Incorrect!
Incorrect!
Player 1 wins!

Player 2 wins!
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