AP Government duel

original jurisdiction the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

Powell v. Alabama (1932) The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

Procedural due process

Political efficacy belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

Gerrymandering

Regressive tax a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Recall special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

Casework services performed by an elected official for constituents

Off year election an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election

Progressive

Due process protection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments

Devolution an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government

Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

Issue networks

Open primary a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

Appellate courts

Enumerated powers powers that the Constitution specifically grants to the federal government

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Fiscal policy

Barnettte v. McColumm Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale

Amicus curiae brief a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

De facto segregation

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette 1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes?

a commission delegated to supervise an election

Amendment a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution

Cabinet

New Jersey v. TLO (1985) Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.

Equal Protection Clause constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally

when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law

Government the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy

Participatory democracy

resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Senatorial courtesy the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

Nonpartisan election

Redistricting the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment

franking privilege allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

National debt amount of money owed by the government

agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Elastic clause

false written statements about others that harm their reputation

Connecticut (Great) Compromise settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

North American Free Trade Agreement created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs

Natural rights basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny

Gender gap

Substantive due process

On background information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

Mandatory spending spending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments

Amicus curiae brief a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

Deviating election

Civil liberties

Impeachment

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