AP Government duel

Runoff primary when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

Nonpartisan election an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

Lemon v. Kurtzman Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

Iron triangle

Deficit government spending exceeds revenue

a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

Referendum

Executive order action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Federalism a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Dual Federalism a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

Marble vs. layer cake federalism Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

Individualism the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

Pardon a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

Pluralist theory of democracy

Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

Betts v. Brady (1942) Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Judicial branch responsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district

Declaration of Independence

Eminent domain

Caucus (congressional) a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes

Due process

Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

At-large all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

Legislative veto when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared

Majority opinion the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

Civil liberties constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Enumerated powers powers that the Constitution specifically grants to the federal government

Logrolling the exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills

Good-faith exception

a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

Betts v. Brady (1942)

a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

election commission

Republic a government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy

Concurrent powers governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment

Discharge petition

effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

Separation of powers

Off the record information information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Platform a statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank

Federalist Papers

Advice and consent the Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties

a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

Nonpartisan election

Open rule in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

Judicial restraint holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation

Inherent powers powers powers, usually claimed by the president, that are implied but not specifically stated in the Constitution or are derived from the office

offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment

the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers

Three-fifths compromise agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

End this game?