AP Government duel

Get-out-the-vote a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

Interest group

a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

Oversight

locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

Open rule

Impeachment

Electorate people qualified to vote

Full faith and credit clause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4

Libel false written statements about others that harm their reputation

Incorporation application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

Separation of powers

Straw Poll

a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

Monetary policy

action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship

Incrementalism

Pardon a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

allows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid

Hate speech offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment

Revolving door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants

The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

Betts v. Brady (1942)

Barnettte v. McColumm Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale

weak government government that has limited control over economy or personal lives

government corporation corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service

Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

Logrolling the exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills

North American Free Trade Agreement created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs

Political party

action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Deregulation the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers

speech plus

requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches

Progressive tax

Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

Majority leader the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Earmark

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

Open primary a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

Direct democracy democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy

Constituent

carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

Politico

Ideology a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals

Fighting words

the idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization

Representative democracy

Deficit government spending exceeds revenue

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