AP Government duel

everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

Enumerated powers powers that the Constitution specifically grants to the federal government

Symbolic speech using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

On background information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

Bill a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion.

the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy

Trial balloon

Conservative

organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

franking privilege allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

original jurisdiction

Majority leader the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

Federal budget amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

Federal question a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

General election

direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

Prospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views

Judicial activism a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

conformity

joint resolution

Political efficacy belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

Soft money money used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission

an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election

an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

Exit poll

how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy

drafted in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain

Open rule in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause

Categorical grants

Discretionary spending federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

Honeymoon period the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes? Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.

Expressed powers

Political ideology a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

prior restraint

Straight-ticket voting voting for candidates all of the same party

Ex post facto law

Good-faith exception a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio

Incumbency effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

common policy concerns an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs

Appellate jurisdiction

Deregulation the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers

independents

Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Independent regulatory agency

On the record information

Caucus (congressional)

Congressional oversight

Cooperative federalism

New Jersey v. TLO (1985) Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.

Unfunded mandates mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

Due process protection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments

a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

End this game?