Strict constitutionalistthe view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution
Frozen!
Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
Diplomacythe conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations
Deregulationthe process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers
voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances
joint resolutionA formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president
a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example
Delegate
Congressional oversight
a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party
Coattaileffect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most
Lemon v. KurtzmanCreates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.
Gender gapa situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues
Slanderfalse verbal statements about others that harm their reputation
Incrementalismsmall changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase
drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority
the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party
Federal budgetamount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year
Conservative
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Reserved powersunder the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people
Politics
Caucus (congressional)
Supremacy clausenational laws supersedes all other laws passed by states
De facto segregationsegregation that results from living patterns rather than law
Line item veto
using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea
Candidatecentered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation
the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections
Exit polla poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted
Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.
Fiscal policy
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Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
Categorical grants
Political agenda
Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale
Front loadingthe practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election
false written statements about others that harm their reputation
Constitution
Runoff primarywhen no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary
Free exercise clause
the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue
At-largeall the voters of a state or county elect their representative
Exit poll
Line item vetothe president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional
Legislative courtscourts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term
Mandatesrequirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal
Politicoa member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)
Whip
a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party
Declaration of Independence
Floor leadersdirect majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate
Independent executive agencyan agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president
Boost!
Boost!
Retrospectivevoting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances
Midterm electionscongressional elections held between presidential elections
bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives
Civil liberties
stare decisislet the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases
agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate
Judicial ReviewAuthority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison
Federalist
drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another