AP Government duel

Dual Federalism a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

Congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation

organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Off year election

Privileges and Immunities Clause states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale

Political party

Pocket veto

Delegate

a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

On deep background

The government cannot exert prior restraint.

Floor leaders direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

Redistricting the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment

a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

Honeymoon period the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

Federal question a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

weak government

Constitution

Politico a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

Lemon v. Kurtzman

allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.

Political socialization complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

verbal and symbolic speech used together

Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

Open primary a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette 1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

Nonpartisan election an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

Blanket primary a primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another

positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.

media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

Direct primary party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

Get-out-the-vote

Elite Theory of Democracy

Straight-ticket voting

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Political socialization complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

Keynesian economics

On deep background information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Caucus (congressional)

an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

Realigning election when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election

Constituent all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members

Conference committee a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

Regressive tax a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Politics

Ideology a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals

an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

Reserved powers under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people

government corporation corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service

government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity

Symbolic speech

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

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