AP Government duel

Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

Whip a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent

a commission delegated to supervise an election

Politics method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government

effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

At-large

Get-out-the-vote a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term

Great compromise

a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments

executive privilege a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

a rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered

Candidate centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

General election

Rules committee determines the rules for debate for bills in the House

Dealignment when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party

to social norms and values, tough on criminals

Miranda warning

organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

Political action committees (PAC$)

Deviating election minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters

Cooperative federalism

Pardon a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

Leak an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government

Issue networks

writ of habeas corpus

a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Dealignment when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party

Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

De facto segregation

conformity to social norms and values, tough on criminals

when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared

Political socialization complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

Patronage the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

Recall special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

Elite Theory of Democracy the idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization

traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Fiscal federalism

Honeymoon period the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

Political efficacy belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

Exclusionary rule that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized

Party realignment a shift in voter loyalty in response to critical events; 1932 election of FD Roosevelt

Three-fifths compromise agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

Revolving door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants

constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

Advice and consent the Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties

Deregulation the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers

Random sampling

Hard money

Privileges and Immunities Clause states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

Voter turnout

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

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