Slanderfalse verbal statements about others that harm their reputation
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Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright
Random samplinga statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll
Closed rulea rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered
Hate speechoffensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment
Deregulationthe process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers
Trustee
method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law
Bicameral legislature
Public opinion
Majority leaderthe elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate
Executive agreement
Enumerated powers
Hamdi v. Rumsfield (2004)
Caucuslocally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office
Bench triala trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability
holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution
Nonpartisan electionan election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation
a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches
Progressive
the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment
Media eventa speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light
Symbolic speechusing actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea
On the record informationprovided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name
Powell v. Alabama (1932)The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright
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Iron trianglealliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives
Legislative courtscourts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term
District courts
Margin of errorthe percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common
verbal and symbolic speech used together
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Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause)gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause
drafted in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain
Miranda warningthe warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights
Ex post facto law
General electionvoters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents
Pluralist theory of democracy
Closed primary
Political ideologya consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy
voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances
Hyde Amendment (1976)Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.
Federalisma division of governmental powers between the national government and the states
alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees
Republic
Motor Voter Law
Interest groupa group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy
Expressed powerspowers enumerated in the Constitution
Supremacy clausenational laws supersedes all other laws passed by states
Advice and consentthe Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties
Subsidya sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive
Mandatesrequirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal
Trusteeafter listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions
Line item veto
Entitlement
writ of certioraria formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case
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Billa draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion.
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Runoff primarywhen no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary
Precedentstandards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes
Ideologya consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals
double jeopardya rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment