AP Government duel

Checks and balances

Procedural Due Process

Ratification method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

independents people who have no party affiliation

Front loading

Standing committee

Coattail

Select committee a temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees

Closed primary a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party

Republic a government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy

the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

War Powers Act of 1973

minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters

Logrolling the exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills

Incumbent the person currently holding office

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Plurality vote electoral process in which the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate is elected

Straw Poll a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

congressional elections held between presidential elections

Federalism a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Political socialization complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

Electoral College representatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president

everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes? The government cannot exert prior restraint.

an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

Grants-in-aid programs, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs

that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized

standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes

Checks and balances

Hard money

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents

Equal Protection Clause

Reapportionment redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

Keynesian economics the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Federal budget amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

DC v. Heller (2008) Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

Veto the president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress

Delegated powers

Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives

person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

Amendment

Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

De jure segregation segregation segregation that results from law

Administrative Discretion

Reserved powers under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people

Powell v. Alabama (1932)

Nonpartisan election an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

Judicial review authority given the courts to review the constitutionality of acts by the executive, states, or the

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

War Powers Act of 1973 a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension

Standing committee a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

National debt amount of money owed by the government

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