AP Government duel

Divided government one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

Natural rights

Leak an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government

Policy adoption

Motor Voter Law allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

Public opinion

Procedural due process Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

Oversight

prior restraint

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

Dual Federalism

Ex post facto law a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed

Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

Public policy

De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

Grants-in-aid programs, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs

Executive order action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

Gerrymandering drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

Direct primary

the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

Declaration of Independence drafted in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain

Select committee a temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees

a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

Substantive due process

weak government government that has limited control over economy or personal lives

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Limited Government a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

Prince v. Massachusetts Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Rule of four

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

electoral process in which the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate is elected

protection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments

Caucus (congressional) a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

Electoral College

Articles of Confederation the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

Interest group

Individualism

Executive order

Executive agreement agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

Critical elections sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

Independent executive agency an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

equality of opportunity everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

Bench trial a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

Unitary system

States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Lemon v. Kurtzman Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

Deficit government spending exceeds revenue

executive privilege a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

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