AP Government duel

Public opinion

a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

Progressive tax

Dual Federalism a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

Judicial Review Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

Substantive due process the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

Margin of error the percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common

everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

Procedural Due Process method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures

Revolving

Individualism the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

Popular Socereignty basic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power

Declaration of Independence drafted in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain

Politico

Front loading the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

Discrimination unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

prior restraint action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship

Constitution

Incorporation application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

Line item veto the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

Iron triangle

Referendum

Ratification

Progressive generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster

a statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank

Floor leaders

Patronage

Open rule in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

Electoral College representatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president

Party dealignment

Good-faith exception a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio

De jure segregation segregation segregation that results from law

Ex post facto law a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed

Legislative veto

Appellate courts courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

Loose Constructionist the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

Checks and balances a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches

political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Policy adoption the approval of a policy by legislation

clause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4

a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Civil rights positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.

under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

Select committee a temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees

Socialism a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

Rules committee determines the rules for debate for bills in the House

Concurrent jurisdiction jurisdiction the authority to hear cases is shared by federal and state courts

End this game?