AP Government duel

De jure segregation

Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Off the record information information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Majority opinion the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

Marble vs. layer cake federalism

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation

writ of habeas corpus a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

Legislative Branch under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

Individualism the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

Republic

Opinion leaders those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party

Judicial Review Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

Libel false written statements about others that harm their reputation

powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution

Fiscal policy

Loose Constructionist the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

a commission delegated to supervise an election

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Conference committee a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation

double jeopardy

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

Critical elections sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Popular Socereignty

a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

Get-out-the-vote a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

Progressive tax

Interest group a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion.

Federal budget decicit the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette

Margin of error

all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

Executive agreement

Pocket veto

Apportionment distribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

after listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions

original jurisdiction the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Grants-in-aid programs, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs

Judicial restraint holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

speech plus verbal and symbolic speech used together

clause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4

Political efficacy

Public opinion a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

Closed primary

Motor Voter Law allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

prohibits the establishment of a national religion

Prince v. Massachusetts

Judicial Review

End this game?