AP Government duel

Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

Party machine

executive privilege a claim by the president or a member of the executive branch that information or documents requested by Congress or the courts do not have to be turned over because of the separation of powers

Procedural due process Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

Substantive due process the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment

The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

Fiscal federalism

Barnettte v. McColumm Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale

Concurring opinion justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision

legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection

Straw Poll

Judicial restraint holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term

let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

Civil liberties constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent

Establishment clause prohibits the establishment of a national religion

Electoral College

franking privilege

original jurisdiction

Expressed powers powers enumerated in the Constitution

Political agenda issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power

Devolution an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government

Electorate people qualified to vote

a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

election commission a commission delegated to supervise an election

Policy formulation the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

Gatekeepers media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

common policy concerns

Libertarianism people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

Floor leaders direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

Apportionment distribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state

grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

writ of certiorari a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

Privileges and Immunities Clause

Judicial activism

Maintaining elections traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

Markup rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it

Majority leader

a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

Elastic clause

Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

to social norms and values, tough on criminals

Realignment

Closed rule

Expressed powers powers enumerated in the Constitution

Direct primary party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

Superdelegates party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

Federalism a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Exclusionary rule that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized

the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

Keynesian economics the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

Prince v. Massachusetts Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder

joint resolution

End this game?