AP Government duel

Direct democracy democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy

Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

Moderate

Casework services performed by an elected official for constituents

Civil rights positive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.

when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

independents people who have no party affiliation

Gatekeepers media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

Ratification

weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

Executive agreement

Limited Government a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

Good-faith exception

constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally

Republic

practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

Policy adoption the approval of a policy by legislation

Rules committee determines the rules for debate for bills in the House

writ of certiorari a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Primary election nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Marble vs. layer cake federalism Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase

when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law

Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

At-large all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

Discharge petition a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes

belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

Constituency service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

Maintaining elections traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

Gerrymandering drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

Powell v. Alabama (1932) The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

Markup rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it

an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election

Roe v. Wade (1973) The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

War Powers Act of 1973 a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Mandates

Politico a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

Constitution the document setting forth the laws and principles of the government; a plan for government

Split-ticket voting voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

Rider an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

Apportionment distribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state

Legislative courts courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

Appellate jurisdiction

nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Regressive tax

Appellate courts courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

Exclusionary rule that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized

Barnettte v. McColumm

Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Party dealignment weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

Loose Constructionist

Privileges and Immunities Clause states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

Nonpartisan election

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