AP Government duel

Elite Theory of Democracy

Articles of Confederation

created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs

Closed convention a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Categorical grants federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

Mandates requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

Progressive tax

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Prince v. Massachusetts

Political culture

government that has limited control over economy or personal lives

On background

Casework

Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

Declaration of Independence drafted in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain

a type of federalism that deals with the flow of funds through grants and other means from the federal government to the states

Nonpartisan election an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

Dealignment when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party

election commission a commission delegated to supervise an election

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

Straight-ticket voting voting for candidates all of the same party

Candidate

Hamdi v. Rumsfield (2004)

Executive agreement agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

Party realignment

Deficit

Lemon test test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent

Public policy the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society

a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Party realignment

Reapportionment

Margin of error the percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common

Incorporation

Political agenda issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power

Expressed powers powers enumerated in the Constitution

Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government

Closed primary a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party

Supremacy clause national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states

Line item veto the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

Monetary policy

Betts v. Brady (1942)

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

speech plus verbal and symbolic speech used together

provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government

Referendum

a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Revolving door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants

Opinion leaders

Dissenting opinion

Dual Federalism a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

prohibits the establishment of a national religion

Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

End this game?