Popular Socereignty
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Rider an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own
Electorate people qualified to vote
Sound bite
Establishment clause
the warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights
Single-member districts only one representative is chosen from each legislative district
Federal system
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Pure speech verbal communication of ideas and opinions
Incrementalism small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase
Off the record information information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use
Procedural Due Process
Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation
"marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for
Impoundment
Government the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy
Party realignment
Ex post facto law a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed
Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens
citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials;
redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution
Hate speech offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment
Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion
allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge
Ideology a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals
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writ of certiorari
government that has limited control over economy or personal lives
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political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections
Primary election nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election
spending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments
Line item veto the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional
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agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate
Precedent
Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent
Mandates
corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service
Caucus
states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states
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Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright
Unanimous consent an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation
Gerrymandering drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another
Hard money money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal
Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level
Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation
basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny
Liberal a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending
Coattail effect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most
citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic
De jure segregation
a party national convention at which no candidate has won a majority of the delegates in the primaries; the candidate is chosen by the convention
action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review
Mandatory spending spending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments
Federal system
Declaration of Independence
Prospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views
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Frozen!
Rule of four
Prince v. Massachusetts
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Cooperative federalism "marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for
democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
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