Fiscal federalisma type of federalism that deals with the flow of funds through grants and other means from the federal government to the states
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action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review
Libelfalse written statements about others that harm their reputation
Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas
Congressional review
Hard moneymoney used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal
Progressivegenerally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation
Federal budgetamount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year
Judicial activisma judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy
Nonpartisan election
Declaration of Independence
Representative democracycitizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic
Rideran addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own
Realignment
Coattaileffect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most
Gridlockwhen opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government
Delegated powerspowers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution
Closed rulea rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered
Bench trial
Sound bite
Executive agreementagreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate
Rule of foura rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case
a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive
a solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)
Maintaining electionstraditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty
Federal question
Full faith and creditclause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4
Deficit
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs
Concurrent powers
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President Pro Temporeserves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority
Unitary system
Symbolic speech
powers powers, usually claimed by the president, that are implied but not specifically stated in the Constitution or are derived from the office
Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government
Independent regulatory agencyan agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term
government corporation
a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy
Political culturea set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens
New York Times Co. v. SullivanThe Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"
Party realignmenta shift in voter loyalty in response to critical events; 1932 election of FD Roosevelt
Bicameral legislaturea two-house legislature
Maintaining elections
Party dealignment
Policy evaluationdetermines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight
sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions
Progressive tax
Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer
a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,
attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods
Midterm electionscongressional elections held between presidential elections
rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it
drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority
Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.
Majority opinionthe majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision
Political socializationcomplex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values
On backgroundinformation provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee