AP Government duel

speech plus verbal and symbolic speech used together

Redistricting the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment

Supremacy clause

Symbolic speech using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Superdelegates

agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

a shift in voter loyalty in response to critical events; 1932 election of FD Roosevelt

door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants

the president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress

Whip a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

Federal budget decicit

Incorporation

Civil rights

Off the record information

small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase

Interest group a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Runoff primary when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

District courts

Discrimination unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Equal Protection Clause

franking privilege allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

Straw Poll

Barnettte v. McColumm Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale

original jurisdiction the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

Interest group a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

Honeymoon period the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Platform a statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank

Libertarianism people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

Gridlock

Split-ticket voting

Political ideology a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy

Reserved powers under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

Apportionment

Blanket primary a primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another

after listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions

Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

to social norms and values, tough on criminals

an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government

Hamdi v. Rumsfield (2004) US Gov needs to at least have a hearing to determine a war prisoner's charge

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers

courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term

Off the record information information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

double jeopardy a rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment

Leak an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes? Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.

Hate speech

Federal budget

Liberal a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending

a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation

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