AP Government duel

Patronage the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

original jurisdiction the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

Bill of attainder a law that makes a person guilty of a crime without a trial; neither Congress nor the states can enact such a law Constitutionally

Public opinion a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

At-large

serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Three-fifths compromise agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

Gerrymandering drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

Direct primary party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

Incorporation application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

Devolution an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government

Caucus

direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Trustee after listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

Deficit government spending exceeds revenue

Procedural due process Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

Open rule in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

Constituency

Primary election

the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

On the record information provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

Standing committee

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes? Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.

Policy adoption

Individualism

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

On the record information provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

Public policy the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society

DC v. Heller (2008) Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Whip a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may

Connecticut (Great) Compromise settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

only one representative is chosen from each legislative district

Trial balloon

Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause) gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause

Maintaining elections traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

Expressed powers

refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

the Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties

a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

segregation segregation that results from law

Caucus locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

Powell v. Alabama (1932)

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Veto the president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress

Loose Constructionist the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

Great compromise

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

Amicus curiae brief a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

Rider an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

End this game?