Participatory democracy
Deficit
government spending exceeds revenue
those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights
Political agenda
issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power
Ex post facto law
a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed
Cabinet
Political efficacy
Lemon v. Kurtzman
common policy concerns
an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest
Reserved powers
under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people
using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea
Hard money
money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal
Dealigning
a commission delegated to supervise an election
an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants
Agenda setting
identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve
Judicial Review
Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison
Motor Voter Law
Executive agreement
Courts of Appeal
federal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts
Keynesian economics
the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation
Recess appointment
a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation
a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension
Senatorial courtesy
the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts
action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review
Hate speech
offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment
Open primary
a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party
Substantive due process
the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections
Prince v. Massachusetts
Runoff primary
when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary
