AP Government duel

prior restraint

government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity

seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed

a statement of a political party on the issues facing the country, adopted at the national convention; each issue position is known as a plank

Unanimous consent an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

common policy concerns an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Political socialization complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

Hamdi v. Rumsfield (2004) US Gov needs to at least have a hearing to determine a war prisoner's charge

conformity to social norms and values, tough on criminals

Line item veto

Gatekeepers

a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

Agenda setting identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve

Open rule in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

distribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state

Appellate courts

a speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light

Roe v. Wade (1973) The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

Legislative Branch under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party

Independent regulatory agency an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term

Retrospective

Grants-in-aid programs, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs

Patronage

Pluralist theory of democracy

Agenda setting identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve

verbal communication of ideas and opinions

Judicial Review

weak government government that has limited control over economy or personal lives

courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term

Straight-ticket voting

Libel false written statements about others that harm their reputation

practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Primary election

Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

Symbolic speech

Iron triangle alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation

all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members

Free rider an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

Incumbency effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

Appellate courts

Retrospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances

Devolution an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government

a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Revolving

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

Deviating election minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters

the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

powers that the Constitution specifically grants to the federal government

Trustee after listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions

agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

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