AP Government duel

powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

Dual Federalism

Public opinion a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

Senatorial courtesy the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

Administrative Discretion the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

Random sampling a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

Individualism the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

Procedural due process Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

Commerce and slave trade compromise

Supremacy clause

stare decisis let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

Moderate person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

Executive agreement

Recall special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

War Powers Act of 1973 a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension

Divided government one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

Libertarianism people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

Iron triangle

Congressional oversight

Strict constitutionalist the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

writ of certiorari a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Separation of powers practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches

Great compromise a solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)

Limited Government a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

Majority opinion the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

a rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment

Caucus locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

Majority leader the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

Direct primary party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette 1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

Procedural Due Process method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures

Cooperative federalism "marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for

Amendment a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution

Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment

Commerce and slave trade compromise resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

On background information provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee

Deficit

Realigning election

Trustee after listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions

government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity

Political action committees (PAC$)

Select committee

Deviating election

holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

writ of habeas corpus a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Politics

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Realignment

a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

a primary election in which an individual does not have to be a registered voter in a particular party to vote for candidates of that party

End this game?