AP Government duel

money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal

Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster

voting for candidates all of the same party

Select committee

Open primary

Implied powers powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

Diplomacy

Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.

Free rider an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

Civil liberties constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.

writ of habeas corpus a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

Government

written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

Off the record information information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Betts v. Brady (1942)

Devolution an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government

Divided government one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

Legislative Branch under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

Bicameral legislature a two-house legislature

Executive agreement agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

Popular Socereignty basic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power

Electorate

Soft money

Party machine

Realigning election

powers that the Constitution specifically grants to the federal government

gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause

Maintaining elections

Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

Exclusionary rule that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes? Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.

citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials;

a rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered

Amendment a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution

Judicial restraint

the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy

Bill of Rights

Independent regulatory agency

Marble vs. layer cake federalism Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

Interest group a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

Get-out-the-vote a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

Caucus (congressional)

Public policy the exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society

Procedural due process Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

Declaration of Independence

Delegated powers

Progressive

North American Free Trade Agreement created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs

Prospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views

Off the record information information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Privileges and Immunities Clause states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette 1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

Lobbying

Closed primary

Midterm elections congressional elections held between presidential elections

End this game?