AP Government duel

Entitlement

people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

Superdelegates party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny

Procedural Due Process method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

Procedural due process Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

At-large

Republic a government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy

Executive order action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Realignment

Issue networks

Bill a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion.

Symbolic speech using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

Keynesian economics the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

Media event a speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light

Equal Protection Clause constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally

Revolving

Categorical grants federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

Independent executive agency

Mass media all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population

Unanimous consent an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette 1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

Discrimination unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)

Implied powers powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Legislative courts courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term

Legislative veto when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared

Eminent domain

Amendment a revision or change to a bill, law, or constitution

Incrementalism small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase

Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Direct democracy

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Front loading

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

Political efficacy

Supremacy clause

Floor leaders direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

Bicameral legislature a two-house legislature

Legislative Branch

Representative democracy

voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election

Limited Government

joint resolution A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president

Political agenda issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power

National debt amount of money owed by the government

Motor Voter Law allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

Gridlock

Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

End this game?