AP Government duel

Privileges and Immunities Clause

Political agenda

Diplomacy

Individualism the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

Realigning election when a minority party wins by building a new coalition of voters that continues over successive election

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

Rider an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

Public policy

Filibuster

Revolving

determines the rules for debate for bills in the House

traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

Policy adoption the approval of a policy by legislation

Procedural Due Process

Coattail

Select committee

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette 1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

Implied powers powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

Margin of error the percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common

Standing committee

Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law

Agenda setting identification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve

North American Free Trade Agreement created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs

a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area

Referendum a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct

Floor leaders direct majority or minority party strategy and decisions in the House and Senate

Politico

voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents

Implied powers powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

Powell v. Alabama (1932) The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

Ex post facto law a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed

Elastic clause

Representative democracy

determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio

Executive order

Divided government one party controls the executive (president) and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress

the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited

Incumbency effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

Select committee a temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees

Checks and balances a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches

De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

Party dealignment weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Trustee after listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions

Ratification method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

Legislative courts courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term

Filibuster

a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending

Federal question a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

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