Mapp v. Ohio (1961)Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).
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Retrospective
common policy concernsan association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest
Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright
allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge
West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.
a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure
Open rulein the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation
Closed primarya primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party
Judicial activisma judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy
writ of certioraria formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case
verbal and symbolic speech used together
alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees
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Bench triala trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability
Prospective voting
Whip
Discretionary spendingfederal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees
Federalisma division of governmental powers between the national government and the states
an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government
Recess appointmenta presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation
"marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for
Marble vs. layer cake federalismMarble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas
On backgroundinformation provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee
Dealigning
Civil rightspositive acts of government designed to prevent discrimination and provide equality before the law. What the government should do.
Equal Protection Clause
Off year electionan election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election
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requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal
Opinion leadersthose individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may
Independent executive agency
Bicameral legislaturea two-house legislature
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Party dealignmentweakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties
after listening to constituents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions
Political agenda
Motor Voter Lawallows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices
method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law
Soft moneymoney used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission
Federal question
Pure speechverbal communication of ideas and opinions
Impeachmentbringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives
Articles of Confederationthe first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited
Pocket veto
Dealignment
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Courts of Appeal
Great compromisea solution to the problem of representation at the constitutional convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate (two senators per state)
North American Free Trade Agreementcreated to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).
Substantive due process
Federal systema political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment
a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share
Random samplinga statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll
Civil rights
a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed
Discretionary spendingfederal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees
Coattail
Direct democracy
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Legislative Branchunder Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws
Strict constitutionalistthe view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution