AP Government duel

Exit poll

Ratification

Direct democracy

Critical elections sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

Constituent all residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members

Devolution

political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Politics method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government

Full faith and credit

Dealigning

Good-faith exception

Socialism a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

Straight-ticket voting

double jeopardy a rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment

a person whose political views favor more local, limited government, fewer government regulations,

action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Government

authority given the courts to review the constitutionality of acts by the executive, states, or the

Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale

Get-out-the-vote a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals

the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

Commerce and slave trade compromise

a shift in voter loyalty in response to critical events; 1932 election of FD Roosevelt

Patronage the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

the president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress

The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

weak government government that has limited control over economy or personal lives

the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service

National debt amount of money owed by the government

Coattail effect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most

De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending

a rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered

Line item veto the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

On the record information provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

Sound bite a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio

Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent

opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Marble vs. layer cake federalism

Pluralist theory of democracy

a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals

Opinion leaders

Due process protection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments

Fiscal policy how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy

Federal budget decicit the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue

Impoundment refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives

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