AP Government duel

Lemon v. Kurtzman

Superdelegates party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

Bench trial a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability

electoral process in which the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate is elected

Keynesian economics the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

Closed rule a rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered

Gatekeepers

Equal Protection Clause

Pardon a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

Candidate centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

Civil liberties

Congressional review Congress's authority to review a new federal regulation enacted by a regulatory agency and overrule it through a joint resolution

an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

Retrospective

Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Conference committee a committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress

Powell v. Alabama (1932) The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

Separation of powers

Revolving door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants

Whip a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

Cabinet government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity

Entitlement

information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Federalism

Amicus curiae brief a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

Checks and balances a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Delegated powers powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution

equality of opportunity everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

services performed by an elected official for constituents

Cooperative federalism "marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for

Block grants grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

Progressive generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation

Coattail

On the record information provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

Individualism

Symbolic speech using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea

Political socialization complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

Get-out-the-vote a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

Regressive tax a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

Trustee

Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.

Divided government

to social norms and values, tough on criminals

Federalism a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

District courts

independents people who have no party affiliation

Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).

Recall special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

Senatorial courtesy the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

Mandates requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy

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