determines the rules for debate for bills in the House
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Bench triala trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability
provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name
Free exercise clauseCongress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices
Party dealignmentweakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties
The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"
Gerrymanderingdrawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another
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Single-member districts
Majority leaderthe elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate
a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case
Extraditionstates may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor
Political efficacy
Agenda settingidentification of the problems and/or issues that require the attention of the government to resolve
DC v. Heller (2008)Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago
voting for candidates from more than one party in the same election
Conference committeea committee made up of members of the House and Senate that is responsible for reconciling the differences when two versions of the same bill pass both houses of Congress
application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment
Referendum
Congressional oversightrefers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation
Independent regulatory agencyan agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term
Blanket primarya primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another
Liberala person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending
Initiative
Direct democracydemocracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy
conformity
Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925)States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder
the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles
Standing committee
action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review
Patronagethe system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party
Issue networksthe numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles
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independentspeople who have no party affiliation
Closed primarya primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party
a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government
a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case
a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national
Roe v. Wade (1973)The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.
original jurisdictionthe first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government
voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances
National debtamount of money owed by the government
Markup
Fiscal policy
Motor Voter Law
Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause)
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Deregulation
Individualismthe belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government
Discretionary spendingfederal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees
writ of certioraria formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case
Policy adoption
Plurality voteelectoral process in which the candidate who receives more votes than any other candidate is elected
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a speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light
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the exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills
Extradition
Democracya system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation
nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election
spending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments
Discharge petitiona device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes
a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy
mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary
Representative democracycitizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic