Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright
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Full faith and creditclause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4
On deep backgroundinformation provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source
Liberal
New York Times Co. v. SullivanThe Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"
Miranda warningthe warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights
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an election in which candidates run as independents without party affiliation
Earmark
Substantive due process
refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation
Socialisma political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian
Federalist
Government
Politics
Closed rulea rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered
Deregulation
Gerrymanderingdrawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another
Eminent domainallows the government to take private property for public use, as long as just compensation is paid
On backgroundinformation provided in an interview that a reporter can quote but can't attribute specifically to the interviewee
Dissenting opinionopinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion
Majority leader
the first written constitution of the United States, which went into effect in 1781; it created a unicameral legislature, in which each state had one vote but no executive or judicial authority; the power of the central government was extremely limited
citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic
constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens. What the government can't do.
a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share
Opinion leaders
Cooperative federalism"marble-cake federalism" a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states that developed during the 1930s; the power of the federal government expands into areas that the states are usually responsible for
Anti-Federalists
Rule of four
a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted
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Politicsmethod of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government
Three-fifths compromise
Candidate
a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share
lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held
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Off year election
Markuprewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it
Critical electionssharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions
information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use
Bench triala trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability
At-largeall the voters of a state or county elect their representative
practice by which power is divided among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches
Earmarka designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure
Midterm elections
Political ideology
North American Free Trade Agreementcreated to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the US by lowering and eliminating tariffs
Political socializationcomplex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values
Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives
Get-out-the-vote
Bicameral legislaturea two-house legislature
Ideologya consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals
Block grants
Anti-Federalists
Pure speechverbal communication of ideas and opinions
Discretionary spendingfederal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees
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Public policythe exercise of government power in doing those things necessary to maintain legitimate authority and control over society
Single-member districtsonly one representative is chosen from each legislative district
the idea that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization