generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation
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Single-member districts
the president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress
Federal systema political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government
Exclusionary rulethat evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized
Prince v. MassachusettsReligion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder
Deviating election
Standing committeea permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area
General electionvoters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents
Realignmenta shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support
Governmentthe formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy
Party machinea political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt
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Random samplinga statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll
Limited Government
Equal Protection Clauseconstitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally
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courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law
original jurisdiction
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment
Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause)gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out their constitutional duties, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18; also called the elastic clause
Pocket vetowhen the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law
Logrollingthe exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills
Independent executive agency
Straw Polla poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes
Free rideran individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation
Media eventa speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light
Legislative vetowhen Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared
National debtamount of money owed by the government
Rules committee
powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution
the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles
Deregulation
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Retrospectivevoting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances
Cabinetgovernment departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity
Politics
Candidate
Ratification
Rule of foura rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case
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Constituentall residents of the state for senators, all residents of a district for House members
those individuals held in great respect because of their position, expertise, or personality, who may
party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses
Caseworkservices performed by an elected official for constituents
Policy implementationcarrying out a policy through government agencies and courts
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drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority
Logrollingthe exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills
Anti-Federaliststhose opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights
Three-fifths compromiseagreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation
At-largeall the voters of a state or county elect their representative
Barnettte v. McColummUpholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale
Policy formulationthe development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda
Select committeea temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees
Blanket primarya primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another
Democracya system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation
Margin of errorthe percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common
Sound bitea very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio
Independent regulatory agency
stare decisis
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes?The government cannot exert prior restraint.
when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party
Iron triangle
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Media eventa speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light