AP Government duel

Soft money money used by national, state, or local party organizations that is not regulated by the Federal Election Commission

Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Rider an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

Policy formulation the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

Mandates requirements imposed by the national government on state and local governments to comply with federal

Ideology a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals

Federal system a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Strict constitutionalist

Prince v. Massachusetts Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Deviating election minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters

action by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

writ of certiorari a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

Interest group

a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Affirmative action

Coattail effect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most

extension of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns

a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Front loading the practice of a state choosing an early date to hold a primary election

the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes? Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.

Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

Rule of four a rule that says that four of the nine Supreme Court justices must agree in conference to hear a case

Discharge petition a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes

Three-fifths compromise

Establishment clause prohibits the establishment of a national religion

Expressed powers powers enumerated in the Constitution

Party machine a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

a statistical technique that gives everyone in the target group the same opportunity to participate in a poll

Enumerated powers powers that the Constitution specifically grants to the federal government

Lobbying

Issue networks

small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase

Dissenting opinion opinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion

Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925) States cannot ban private schools to prevent religious courses. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Courts of Appeal

prior restraint

Constituent

an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

Federal question

Anti-Federalists

Straw Poll a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

Open primary

Equal Protection Clause constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally

the elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate

that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used against the person from whom it was seized

Politics method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government

Standing committee a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area

Unfunded mandates mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

Open rule in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

Grassroots lobbying

a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes?

an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term

Politico

Superdelegates

End this game?