AP Government duel

Electoral College representatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president

Markup rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it

a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

Patronage

Interest group a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

Party dealignment weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

election commission a commission delegated to supervise an election

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes? Establishes that clothing is symbolic speech, and is protected unless its censorship is in the public interest.

The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

Procedural Due Process method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures

Lobbying attempting to influence policymakers through a variety of methods

Individualism the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

a rule issued by the House Committee on Rules, in which there is a strict time limit for debate and no amendments can be offered

writ of habeas corpus

Logrolling the exchange of political favors for support of a bill; an agreement between two or more members of Congress to vote for each other's bills

spending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments

an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

Implied powers powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

Republic a government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy

Appellate courts

Procedural due process Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

Bench trial

Libel false written statements about others that harm their reputation

stare decisis

Primary election

people qualified to vote

Free rider an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

Joint committee a committee of Congress made up of members of both houses that focuses on issues of general concern but does not propose legislation

Gender gap

Honeymoon period the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

Referendum

Keynesian economics the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

writ of certiorari a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case

Margin of error

Legislative courts

Gatekeepers media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

Individualism the belief that individuals should be left on their own by the government

Subsidy

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Party machine a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

Elastic clause

Checks and balances

Primary election nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

Progressive generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation

speech plus verbal and symbolic speech used together

amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

Motor Voter Law allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

At-large all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

Unitary system

Discretionary spending federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional

complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

War Powers Act of 1973 a law that limits presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an automatic extension of thirty additional days if the president requests such an extension

Ideology

Divided government

Marble vs. layer cake federalism

End this game?