AP Government duel

Gatekeepers

Slander false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

Fiscal federalism

Margin of error

Federal budget decicit

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

Connecticut (Great) Compromise

Majority opinion the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents

double jeopardy a rule that says a person can't be tried twice by the same court under the same charges twice; from the 5th amendment

Dealignment when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party

writ of habeas corpus a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

Hard money

Grants-in-aid

Federalism a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

Midterm elections congressional elections held between presidential elections

Party dealignment weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties

Grassroots lobbying

Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster

Monetary policy

Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

effect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan

Public opinion a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

Closed rule

Unfunded mandates mandates require states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary

powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

determines the rules for debate for bills in the House

a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes

Due process protection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments

Public opinion a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

Delegated powers

amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

Exclusionary rule

Congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation

Judicial Review Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

Majority-minority districts drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority

person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

Lemon test

Voter turnout

On deep background information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

Platform

Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

Privileges and Immunities Clause states are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states

Deviating election minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, and new voters

Political socialization

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes? The government cannot exert prior restraint.

the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment

Gender gap a situation in which men and women hold different positions on a wide range of political issues

grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

Recall special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

Barnettte v. McColumm Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale

Free rider

Impeachment bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official by the House of Representatives

Issue networks the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles

Symbolic speech

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