AP Government duel

Policy adoption the approval of a policy by legislation

Marble cake means 1930s fed expansion, layer cake means they are supreme in separate areas

Cooperative federalism

a party national convention at which no candidate has won a majority of the delegates in the primaries; the candidate is chosen by the convention

Political party Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Whip a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

Markup rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it

Pure speech

Politico a member of Congress who acts as a delegate on issues that constituents care about (such as immigration reform) and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues (some foreign policy or regulatory matters)

DC v. Heller (2008) Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

Plurality vote

Categorical grants federal funds given to state and local governments for specific programs that usually require the recipient to match the money provided and have other strings attached

people who have no party affiliation

Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

Miranda warning the warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment

On deep background information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

Participatory democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials;

a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states

Straight-ticket voting

a device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor; requires 218 votes

Establishment clause prohibits the establishment of a national religion

Bill a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion.

Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

offensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment

Opinion leaders

Standing committee

Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

Loose Constructionist the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan

Gerrymandering drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

Closed convention a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Superdelegates party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses

Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

Judicial branch responsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district

Grants-in-aid programs, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs

Libel false written statements about others that harm their reputation

Margin of error the percentage that a scientific poll is likely to be off; a margin of error of +/- 3 percent is common

Media event

District courts lowest level of federal courts, where most federal cases begin and trials are held

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Monetary policy

Impoundment refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

Conservative

a political organization, typically at the local level, that wielded considerable power through its ability to get out the vote; relied heavily on patronage and providing services to constituents and was often corrupt

Fiscal policy how the government uses taxes and spending to impact the economy

an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

Hamdi v. Rumsfield (2004) US Gov needs to at least have a hearing to determine a war prisoner's charge

the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

stare decisis let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases

National debt amount of money owed by the government

Incumbency effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office

Recall special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term

joint resolution

the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

unfair treatment of a person based on race or group membership

Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent

End this game?