Amicus curiae briefa brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"
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to social norms and values, tough on criminals
Procedural due processConstitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.
Majority leaderthe elected leader of the party with the most seats in the House or Senate
Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)
Entitlementgovernment benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status
joint resolutionA formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president
At-largeall the voters of a state or county elect their representative
courts with authority to review cases heard by other courts to correct errors in the interpretation or application of law
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allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge
Separation of powers
Issue networksthe numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles
media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented
Straight-ticket votingvoting for candidates all of the same party
Electoral Collegerepresentatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president
a consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy that sets the framework for evaluating government and public policy
Motor Voter Lawallows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices
Reserved powersunder the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people
Executive orderaction by the president that does not require the approval of Congress; subject to judicial review
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives
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powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution
prior restraintaction by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship
writ of habeas corpusa court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released
Diplomacythe conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations
Judicial review
Congressional oversightrefers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation
amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year
Substantive due process
Off year electionan election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election
Ex post facto lawa law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed
Constituencyservice casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members
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Hate speechoffensive speech against racial or ethnic minorities, women, and homosexuals that creates a hostile environment
people qualified to vote
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy
writ of certioraria formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case
Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracyseen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness
Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.
Legislative vetowhen Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared
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equality of opportunityeveryone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts
a trial in which the judge who presides over the trial decides on guilt or liability
a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure
agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation
a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed
Party dealignment
Rideran addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own
Realignment
Administrative Discretionthe flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.
Dissenting opinionopinion justice or justices who voted in the minority, explaining the reasons for opposing the majority opinion
Runoff primary
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Caucus (congressional)
conformity
1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.
Expressed powerspowers enumerated in the Constitution
US Gov needs to at least have a hearing to determine a war prisoner's charge
Incrementalismsmall changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget making - that the best indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase
Realigning election
nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election
Judicial restraint
Keynesian economicsthe belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation