AP Government duel

Procedural Due Process

a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area

Closed convention a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Federal budget decicit the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue

Media event a speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light

a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

Federal budget amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed

a commission delegated to supervise an election

voting for candidates all of the same party

Incorporation

prior restraint action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship

a political system in which power is divided between the national government and state government

Symbolic speech

Political efficacy belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking

Whip a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

Patronage the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party

federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

a brief submitted to the court by an interested third party that outlines issues it thinks are important in the case. amicus curiae literally means "friend of the court"

Motor Voter Law allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

Bicameral legislature a two-house legislature

Dealigning election party loyalty becomes less important to voters, and they vote for the other party candidate or

Administrative Discretion the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

Limited Government a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

Privileges and Immunities Clause

Concurrent powers

Off the record information information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Inherent powers

Line item veto

Bill a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion.

an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

alliances that develop between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees

Popular Socereignty basic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power

courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term

Critical elections sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

in the House, a rule that allows any amendments to a bill, regardless of whether they're relevant to the legislation

Regressive tax a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Revolving door the practice of government officials becoming lobbyists for the industries or companies they were responsible for regulating while they were public servants

Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

Ideology

Motor Voter Law

Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

Political party Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

Lemon v. Kurtzman Creates the "Lemon Test", which has requires separate, secular, and neutral effect and intention in government action.

Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public

a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted

the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment

spending required government spending by permanent laws; entitlements, for example social security or bond payments

test standard set by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constitutionality of state laws. Separate, Secular, and Neutral in effect and intent

Libel false written statements about others that harm their reputation

jurisdiction the authority to hear cases is shared by federal and state courts

an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

US Gov needs to at least have a hearing to determine a war prisoner's charge

De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

Lobbying

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