AP Government duel

the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment

Grants-in-aid programs, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs

Libel

Pure speech verbal communication of ideas and opinions

Enumerated powers powers that the Constitution specifically grants to the federal government

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) establishes? The government cannot exert prior restraint.

Pluralist theory of democracy

DC v. Heller (2008)

Prince v. Massachusetts

Dealignment when a significant number of voters choose to no longer support a particular political party

Policy implementation

Regressive tax a tax that is assessed on everyone at the same rate and, therefore, impacts the poor more than it impacted wealthy; sales tax is regressive

Libertarianism people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,

a law that makes an action a crime even though it was legal when it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime after it has been committed

refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

De jure segregation segregation segregation that results from law

Representative democracy

Commerce and slave trade compromise

an effort to shift responsibility or domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size and activities of the federal government

Unitary system a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Constitution the document setting forth the laws and principles of the government; a plan for government

Discretionary spending federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law

Incorporation application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

Deregulation

Apportionment distribution of congressional representatives among the states, based on the population of each state

Open convention

Reapportionment

a question of law based on interpretation of the US Constitution, federal laws, or treaties

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

Majority-minority districts drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority

Earmark a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure

Runoff primary

Grassroots lobbying organizing a letter-writing campaign or taking out ads to influence public opinion and persuade public officials to support a particular policy

the belief that judges should have freedom in interpreting the Constitution

Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending

Recess appointment a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation

Legislative Branch under Article I of the Constitution, the legislative branch consists of the House and Senate, which together form the US Congress; the prime responsibility is to make laws

Interest group a group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy

Electoral College representatives from each state who formally cast ballots for the president and vice president

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) establishes?

an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term

Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

Redistricting

Ex post facto law

Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

Motor Voter Law

Socialism a political/economic system in which the government plays a major role (usually ownership) in determining the use of productive resources and the allocation of valuable goods and services; may be democratic or authoritarian

Policy adoption

Dual Federalism a model of the relationship between the federal government and the states in which each is supreme in its own sphere; "layer cake federalism"

agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

a judicial philosophy that holds that courts have a more expansive role to play in shaping public policy

those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

At-large all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

Before police interrogate, suspect must learn of rights like the Fifth Amendment

Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster

End this game?