AP Government duel

Motor Voter Law

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.

Representative democracy citizens choose officials who make decisions about public policy; a republic

Enumerated powers

Judicial Review

Government the formal and informal institutions, people, and processes used to create and conduct public policy

Democracy a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Libel

franking privilege allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

the first court to hear and decide a case; US district courts and the US Supreme Court have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign affairs, states or the national government

Grants-in-aid programs, money, and resources provided by the federal government to state and local governments to be used for specific projects and programs

Politico

Maintaining elections traditional majority power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty

Due process protection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments

Referendum

Majority-minority districts

Fighting words speech that is likely to bring about public disorder or chaos; may be banned in public places to ensure the preservation of public order

Administrative Discretion the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

Media event a speech or photo opportunity staged to give a politician's view on an issue; staged to present the candidate in a good light

resolved differences between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for twenty years

Popular Socereignty basic principle of US government which holds that the people are the source of all governmental power

seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

Amicus curiae brief

Judicial restraint holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social and political questions, operating strictly within the limits of the Constitution

Off the record information information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Brief

a law that makes a person guilty of a crime without a trial; neither Congress nor the states can enact such a law Constitutionally

Block grants grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

The Right to Privacy extends to letting women make decisions about their bodies without government surveillance.

Casework

Incrementalism

Three-fifths compromise agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

Delegate an elected official who considers it an obligation to vote the way the majority of his or her constituents wants

Gatekeepers

Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, which protect basic civil liberties

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives

Courts of Appeal

the warning that an individual must be read at the time of arrest and questioning, letting him know his 5th and 6th amendment rights

information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

independents people who have no party affiliation

Equal Protection Clause constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally

speech plus verbal and symbolic speech used together

De facto segregation segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

Cooperative federalism

Strict constitutionalist the view that justices should base decisions on a narrow interpretation of the Constitution

method of government action, or how the law is carried out according to established rules and procedures

Gridlock when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

Students have less privacy at schools; their stuff is subject to a search because of suspicion. This is necessary for discipline.

Procedural due process Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

Substantive due process the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

Constitution

Discretionary spending federal spending set by the government through appropriations bills, including operating expenses and salaries of government employees

Get-out-the-vote

economic policy in which the money supply is controlled through the Federal Reserve

Political party Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections; an organization that recruits, nominated, and elects party members to control the government

centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

Legislative courts courts courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose with a narrow range of authority; judges serve a fixed term

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