AP Government duel

Policy implementation carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

amount of money owed by the government

Libel

Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

Good-faith exception a rule of evidence that says that if the authorities act "in good faith," evidence that otherwise might have been excluded may be admissible. Modifies Mapp v. Ohio

Trial balloon tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction

Majority-minority districts drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority

Concurrent powers

North American Free Trade Agreement

Initiative

Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Incumbent

a political system in which all power is derived from the central government

Policy formulation

serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives

Block grants

locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political office

stare decisis

General election voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents

Realignment a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

Senatorial courtesy the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Midterm elections

At-large all the voters of a state or county elect their representative

Diplomacy the conduct of international relations, particularly involving the negotiation of treaties and other agreements between nations

Sound bite a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio

the flexibility a federal agency can exercise in implementing legislation through its rules and regulations. the authority delegated to bureaucrats to use their expertise and judgment when determining how to implement public policy.

War Powers Act of 1973

Redistricting

Constituency service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

Constitution

Logrolling

On the record information provided in an interview that a reported can quote and attribute to the source, referring to the source by name

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan The Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proved to support a finding of libel against a public figure. Principle of "breathing space"

Runoff primary when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

Substantive due process the policies of government or the particular subject matter of the laws determining what the law is about and whether the law is fair or if it violates constitutional protections

Liberal a person whose views favor more government involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, and increased government spending

Reserved powers under the 10th Amendment, powers not granted to the federal government or denied to the states reserved for the states or the people

an agency that is part of the executive branch but not included in any executive department; the head of the agency (NASA, CIA for example) is appointed by the president and serves at the pleasure of the president

Open convention

Barnettte v. McColumm

Republic a government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy

Media event

Midterm elections

Subsidy a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

effect the ability of a strong or popular candidate to get other candidates on the ticket elected; it is a term most

Free exercise clause Congress may not make laws restricting or prohibiting a person's religious practices

Appellate jurisdiction

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy

generally refers to the belief that government or people acting on its behalf can be used to address social problems or inequities facing the nation

Sound bite a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio

Public opinion

Extradition states may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's governor

equality of opportunity everyone should have the same chance; what individuals make of that chance depends their abilities and efforts

independents

a system in which each branch of the government has the power to limit the other branches of government so that one is not dominant; each branch of government is subject to restraints by the other two branches

Policy adoption the approval of a policy by legislation

End this game?