Open rule
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a government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy
Leak an unauthorized release of information to the press from someone in the government
tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gauging public reaction
a very brief excerpt from a political speech aired on television or radio
a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states
Ex post facto law
Closed convention a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries
the time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public
Prince v. Massachusetts Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder
federal courts with appellate jurisdiction that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and other federal courts
Symbolic speech using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea
writ of habeas corpus
the difference in any year between government spending and government revenue
Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)
Betts v. Brady (1942) Sixth amendment does not selectively incorporate to providing poor people in not-capital state cases a lawyer
Inherent powers
Incumbency effect tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold the office
government corporation
Powell v. Alabama (1932) The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright
Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions
Ratification method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law
Legislative veto when Congress rejects an action of the president by a majority vote of both houses; declared
a presidential appointment made when Congress is not in session; doesn't require immediate confirmation
Libertarianism people who wish to maximize the personal liberty on both economic and social issues; prefer small,
Implied powers powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause
Plurality vote
Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago
writ of certiorari a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case
Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Selectively incorporates 4th amendment. Later modified with "inevitable discovery" (good if would be found in a later, lawful search) and "good faith" (good if warrant was issued at all).
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Line item veto the president can reject a portion of a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional
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Closed primary a primary election that is limited to registered voters of a particular political party
Redistricting the process of redrawing congressional and state legislative districts to reflect population changes in the census; responsibility for redistricting usually falls to the state legislatures; follows reapportionment
Precedent standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes
Progressive tax
Oversight Congress monitors policies of the executive branch; the process by which the legislative branch checks the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent
powers powers, usually claimed by the president, that are implied but not specifically stated in the Constitution or are derived from the office
Cloture a method for cutting off a filibuster in the Senate; sixteen votes are needed to call for cloture and sixty are needed to end a filibuster
Open convention a party national convention at which no candidate has won a majority of the delegates in the primaries; the candidate is chosen by the convention
Direct democracy democracy citizens meet and make decisions about public policy issues; there are no elected officials; also called participatory democracy
Standing committee a permanent committee of Congress that deals with legislation and oversight in a broad policy area
Cabinet
Federalist Papers
weakening of ties between the voters and the two major parties
government corporation corporation a corporation that may receive part of its funding from Congress and is managed by a board appointed by the president; the function it performs could be carried out by private enterprise; an example is the US Postal service
Unanimous consent an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation
independents
Off year election an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election
joint resolution A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president
Political efficacy belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking
Concurrent powers governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments
Bill of attainder a law that makes a person guilty of a crime without a trial; neither Congress nor the states can enact such a law Constitutionally
a formal document issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court indicating that it will hear a case
At-large all the voters of a state or county elect their representative
Patronage the system in which a party leader rewarded political supporters with jobs or government contracts in exchange for their support of the party
Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens
common policy concerns
let the decision stand; court decisions are based on precedent from previous cases
Full faith and credit clause says that states are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states - Article 4
Democracy
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