AP Government duel

Policy implementation

Revolving

Prospective voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters focus on candidates' positions on issues important to them and vote for the candidates who best represent their views

information provided in an interview that a reported can use but cannot make even an indirect reference to the source

Impoundment refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

Expressed powers powers enumerated in the Constitution

Constituency service casework; assistance to constituents by congressional members

the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

Lemon test

powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution

a consistent set of beliefs by groups or individuals

Political culture a set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens

writ of certiorari

false verbal statements about others that harm their reputation

allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term

Judicial Review

voters choose office holder from among all the candidates nominated by political parties or running as independents

President Pro Tempore serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president; chosen by the majority

Federal question

Bill of Rights

Caucus (congressional) a group of members of Congress who may or may not be from the same party but who share

Congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation

Hyde Amendment (1976)

Runoff primary when no candidate receives a majority of votes, and election held between the two candidates who recorded the most votes in the primary

settled disputes between the states over the structure of the legislative branch; a solution to the problem of representation at the Constitutional Convention, in which the number of members that each state would have in the House of Representatives is determined by population, while each state would have equal representation in the Senate

Reapportionment redistribution of the 435 congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution

Monetary policy economic policy in which the money supply is controlled through the Federal Reserve

Nonpartisan election

the practice of allowing senators from the president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to approve or disapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts

equality of opportunity

Progressive tax a tax that is higher for those who make more money; the federal income tax is an example

voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances

agreement at the constitutional convention that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation

Gerrymandering

Issue networks the numerous people who are involved in the formulation of policy, including the president, members of Congress, the cabinet, lobbyists, interest groups, government agencies, and scholars; a looser relationship than the iron triangles

government spending exceeds revenue

Casework services performed by an elected official for constituents

Divided government

Nonpartisan election

Filibuster

Due process protection against the arbitrary loss of life, liberty, and property provided for under the 5th and 14th Amendments

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette 1943, forcing students to salute the flag is a violation of 1st amendment free speech, and is therefore unconstitutional. Such gestures = symbolic speech. Tinker v. Des Moines.

Blanket primary a primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another

carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts

when opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate or inaction between the executive and legislative branches of government

Progressive

SuperPAC political organizations that use contributions from individuals, corporations, and labor unions to spend unlimited sums independent from the campaigns, yet influencing the outcome of elections

Precedent

Leak

Fiscal policy

Select committee a temporary committee of Congress set up for a specific purpose that is outside the scope of the standing committees

prior restraint action by the government to prevent the publication of material; censorship

Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

Entitlement government benefits provided to Americans who qualify because of their age, income, and/or status

segregation that results from living patterns rather than law

Independent regulatory agency an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

a governing or controlling body whose power exists only within predefined limits that are established by a Constitution or other source of authority

End this game?