AP Government duel

Hard money money used directly by a candidate running for office; it is subject to campaign finance laws and Federal

amount of money owed by the government

Exit poll a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted

Cabinet

Motor Voter Law allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

Independent regulatory agency

Hyde Amendment (1976) Passed by Congress in 1976; excludes abortion from the comprehensive health care services provided to low-income people by the federal government through Medicaid.

agreement with another head of state not requiring approval from the Senate

Monetary policy

powers specifically granted to the national government in the Constitution

Voter turnout the total number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot

Federal question

common policy concerns an association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest

Incorporation application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under the 14th Amendment

Fighting words speech that is likely to bring about public disorder or chaos; may be banned in public places to ensure the preservation of public order

Get-out-the-vote a campaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls

Concurrent powers governmental powers shared by the federal and state governments

Initiative

Policy evaluation

Betts v. Brady (1942)

national laws supersedes all other laws passed by states

Nonpartisan election

Political socialization complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values

Pluralist theory of democracy

Ex post facto law

Hyperpluralist Theory of Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling government in many directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness

Deregulation the process of reducing or completely eliminating federal government oversight of an industry so as to allow it to operate more freely; used to encourage competition and reduce costs to consumers

Maintaining elections

a primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law

Public opinion a collection of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics and the making of public policy

amount of money owed by the government

Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power.

Privileges and Immunities Clause

an election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election

Keynesian economics the belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods; the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

franking privilege allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents free of charge

Independent regulatory agency an agency that is part of the executive branch and responsible for regulating and oversight of a segment of the economy; it is managed by a board or commission appointed by the president for a fixed term

DC v. Heller (2008) Court ruled that a DC law banning hand guns was unconstitutional. McDonald v. Chicago

powers not expressed, but may be considered through the use of the necessary and proper (elastic) clause

writ of habeas corpus a court order directing authorities to show cause for why a person under detention should not be released

Brief

Advice and consent

Incumbent the person currently holding office

Amendment

written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support ratification of the Construction

Rider an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

a poll conducted on election day to determine how people voted

a type of federalism that deals with the flow of funds through grants and other means from the federal government to the states

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Sixth amendment applies to federal criminal cases with possible imprisonment and too poor defendant. Gideon v. Wainwright

Policy evaluation determines is a policy is achieving its goals; usually carried out with congressional oversight

Prince v. Massachusetts Religion does not override child labor laws. Wisconsin v. Yoder

Pluralist theory of democracy interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts

Initiative

responsible for interpreting and applying the laws; in the federal government it consists of the US district

a system whereby the people rule either directly or by elected representation

Policy formulation the development of an approach to solving a problem that is on the political agenda

Inherent powers powers powers, usually claimed by the president, that are implied but not specifically stated in the Constitution or are derived from the office

services performed by an elected official for constituents

End this game?