AP Government duel

DC v. Heller (2008)

Direct primary party members vote to nominate their candidate for the general election

voting a method of evaluating candidates in which voters evaluate incumbent candidates and decide whether to vote for them based on their past performances

Strict constitutionalist

Impeachment

Rider an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own

Individualism

Candidate centered politics politics that focuses on candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

Affirmative action a program intended to give a boost of preference to minority applicants over white applicants in contracting, employment, housing, and college or professional school admissions

an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation

Elastic clause the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its expressed powers

Off the record information information provided in an interview that a reporter cannot directly use

Incumbency

grants federal funds given to the states for programs in broad policy areas with few, if any, restrictions

Symbolic speech

franking privilege

Barnettte v. McColumm Upholds establishment clause and free exercise clause. Engel v. Vitale

the Senate's authority to approve or neglect the president's top appointments and negotiated treaties

Natural rights basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny

Fighting words

Gatekeepers media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide what news to present and how it will be presented

Expressed powers powers enumerated in the Constitution

Federalist supported a strong central government and ratification of the Constitution

Motor Voter Law allows citizens to register to vote at welfare and motor vehicle offices

a shift of voting patterns to form new coalitions of party support

Critical elections sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions

a government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy

verbal communication of ideas and opinions

Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Legislative courts

Blanket primary a primary election in which candidates from all parties are on the ballot, and a registered voter can vote for the Democratic candidate for one office and the Republican candidate for another

pork-barrel legislation legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a member's chance of reelection

the majority of justices agree on the decision and the reasons for the decision

Cabinet government departments headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy and operate a specific policy area of governmental activity

an individual who benefits from the activities of an interest group but does not support the group either financially or through active participation

drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another

The Supreme Court ruled here that the right to counsel was required by law in death penalty trials. Also, capital cases must have counsel when defendant cannot defend because of "ignorance, feeblemindedness, illiteracy, or the like". Selective Incorporation case based on the sixth amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright

a convicted person is exempt from the penalties of a crime; only the president has this power at the national

Closed convention a party national convention at which the party's presidential nominee has already been determined through the primaries

Direct primary

Separation of powers

General election

Anti-Federalists those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it gave too much power to the central government at the expense of the states and the lack of a bill of rights

Initiative allows voters to petition to propose legislation and then submit it for a vote by qualified voters; not available at the national level

justice or justices who agree with the majority's ruling but not the reason behind the decision

refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated; was eliminated by the congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

Republic a government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws are made; a representative democracy

when the president takes no action on a bill within ten days of Congress adjourning, the bill does not become law

Equal Protection Clause constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally

Bill of attainder

Pure speech verbal communication of ideas and opinions

Fighting words

Natural rights basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights a government cannot deny

Straw Poll a poll conducted in an unscientific manner, used to predict election outcomes

Concurrent jurisdiction jurisdiction the authority to hear cases is shared by federal and state courts

Judicial restraint

Reapportionment

Whip a majority/minority party leader in Congress who makes sure the party members are present for important votes and vote by party

amount of money the federal government expects to receive and authorizes government to spend for a fiscal year

Incumbent the person currently holding office

End this game?