Lower prices thanks to Industrial Revolution, agricultural Revolution, and the slave trade made many new things affordable for middle class Europeans, who started buying more stuff
Divine Right of Kings
Glorious Revolution (1688)
putting-out system
Workers Guilds
Included provisions for parliament, not the monarch to levy taxes. Stipulated that when parliament made a law, it couldn't be overturned by the monarch
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
“I am the state”
Said by Louis the 14th, the absolute ruler of france
spinning machine powered by water wheel, invented by Richard Arkwright
The government is limited by the rule of law. The monarch had to share power.
Jethro Tull's seed drill
Military impact of balance of power wars
Nations who expanded their military found themselves on the winning side of balance of power. Started an arms race as France, Sweden and others rapidly expanded their military after the 30 years war
Peter the great's political reform
Required nobles to serve in the army. Created the table of ranks that ensured experts ended up on top
Peter the great reforms
Visited Europe and convinced Russia needed to westernize and that he wanted to consolidate power for himself. Political reform, religious reform, cultural reform. To pay for the reforms, he tripled taxes so the peasants hated him
What did the Palace of Versailles do?
Peter the great's cultural reforms
Tried to shape Russian culture to fit the image of Western Europe. Ex: Beard tax
Oliver Cromwell captured King Charles I and did away with political opposition in parliament, and then had King Charles beheaded.
William of Orange
Jean Colbert's mercantilist policies
Jean Colbert, king Louis 14th’s finance minister implemented mercantilist policies to reduce France’s debt, improve domestic industry, expand colonial holdings, and created a favorable balance of trade. King Louis 14 wars undid these improvement
Parliaments army in the English civl war led by Oliver Cromwell
Hundreds of thousands fled, robbing France of its healthy merchant class
The intendant system
Balance of Power
80 Years War (1568-1648)
Between king Phillip ||| of Spain and 17 provinces of Netherlands , provinces won the war. Was fought over Spanish control of Dutch wealth and tolerance of Protestantism
Absolutism causes
The 30 years war weakened the influence of the Catholic Church and the growing merchant class wanted more stability.
Agriculture Revolution (1600s-1800s)
Agricultural output tripled despite urbanization thanks to new farming technology
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England.
Reorganized the Russian Orthodox Church and replaced leadership with his appointees
Battle of Vienna (1683)
Oliver Cromwells dictatorship
Held on to power at all costs and didn't give people the rights he had promised them
