Peace of Utrecht (1713)
The pact concluding the War of the Spanish Succession, forbidding the union of France with Spain. Maintained the balance of power in Europe.
Peter the great's political reform
Triangle Trade
Rebellion of French nobles against cardinal mazarin, who was consolidating state power and taking away from the nobles. The Fronde threw France into chaos and cardinal mazarin eventually prevailed. The people realized they needed strong king
Absolutism
Lower prices thanks to Industrial Revolution, agricultural Revolution, and the slave trade made many new things affordable for middle class Europeans, who started buying more stuff
End of the English civl war
Oliver Cromwell captured King Charles I and did away with political opposition in parliament, and then had King Charles beheaded.
“I am the state”
Said by Louis the 14th, the absolute ruler of france
Glorious Revolution (1688)
Mary and William of orange offered the throne by parliament to replace James II (successor to Charles II), after he fled. Peaceful* transfer of power. Ended divine right of kings and English bill of rights
Partition of Poland
Weak constitutional monarchy of Poland, was split between Austria, Prussia, and Russia worked together to divide Poland. Did this to maintain the balance of power between each other
Wanted to promote religious unity to gain power
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England.
King Louis the 14th relocated many nobles to his palace at Versailles where he could keep an eye on them and demand their loyalty.
The protectorate
The republic in England established by Oliver Cromwell, though in reality, it was a military dictatorship
English civl war causes
Oliver Cromwells dictatorship
Held on to power at all costs and didn't give people the rights he had promised them
Before factories, goods during the Industrial Revolution were mainly made in peoples homes through the putting out system
Hugenots flee France
Hundreds of thousands fled, robbing France of its healthy merchant class
Colombian exchange impact on the agricultural revolution
Allowed for new crop-rotation methods and improved European diets which increased life-spans
Parliament restores the monarchy after the protectorate and appoints Charles 2nd.
The Dutch federal assembly which comprised of Dutch oligarchs who made policy that served their best interests
Agriculture Revolution (1600s-1800s)
Agricultural output tripled despite urbanization thanks to new farming technology
Divine Right of Kings
spinning machine powered by water wheel, invented by Richard Arkwright
William of Orange
Peter the great reforms
Jean Colbert's mercantilist policies
After the peace of Westphalia, wars were fought to maintain the balance of power instead of over religion
Reorganized the Russian Orthodox Church and replaced leadership with his appointees
Included provisions for parliament, not the monarch to levy taxes. Stipulated that when parliament made a law, it couldn't be overturned by the monarch
