Battle of Vienna (1683)
Last unsuccessful Ottoman attempt to take central Europe in 1683, cementing Habsburg control in southeastern Europe and ending Ottoman westward expansion.
consumer culture
Lower prices thanks to Industrial Revolution, agricultural Revolution, and the slave trade made many new things affordable for middle class Europeans, who started buying more stuff
The protectorate
The republic in England established by Oliver Cromwell, though in reality, it was a military dictatorship
spinning machine powered by water wheel, invented by Richard Arkwright
Parliament restores the monarchy after the protectorate and appoints Charles 2nd.
Said by Louis the 14th, the absolute ruler of france
Allowed for new crop-rotation methods and improved European diets which increased life-spans
The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy.
putting-out system
Glorious Revolution (1688)
After the peace of Westphalia, wars were fought to maintain the balance of power instead of over religion
Peter the great's cultural reforms
Peter the great's religious reform
Absolutism causes
The 30 years war weakened the influence of the Catholic Church and the growing merchant class wanted more stability.
Required nobles to serve in the army. Created the table of ranks that ensured experts ended up on top
End of the English civl war
Jean Colbert, king Louis 14th’s finance minister implemented mercantilist policies to reduce France’s debt, improve domestic industry, expand colonial holdings, and created a favorable balance of trade. King Louis 14 wars undid these improvement
80 Years War (1568-1648)
Between king Phillip ||| of Spain and 17 provinces of Netherlands , provinces won the war. Was fought over Spanish control of Dutch wealth and tolerance of Protestantism
Jethro Tull's seed drill
Made sure seeds were planted at exact intervals and made sure they were covered with dirt
King Louis the 14th repealed the edict of Nantes
Wanted to promote religious unity to gain power
The fronde
Rebellion of French nobles against cardinal mazarin, who was consolidating state power and taking away from the nobles. The Fronde threw France into chaos and cardinal mazarin eventually prevailed. The people realized they needed strong king
What did the Palace of Versailles do?
Before becoming king of England with Mary, he led the Calvinist revolt against Spain in the Netherlands in the 80 years war
Constitutionalsim
The government is limited by the rule of law. The monarch had to share power.
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
A war fought over the Spanish throne. Louis XIV wanted it for his grandson and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman who wanted to maintain the balance of power.
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England.
Divine Right of Kings
Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent
Military impact of balance of power wars
Nations who expanded their military found themselves on the winning side of balance of power. Started an arms race as France, Sweden and others rapidly expanded their military after the 30 years war
Agriculture Revolution (1600s-1800s)
Agricultural output tripled despite urbanization thanks to new farming technology
