Peter the great's cultural reforms
putting-out system
Before factories, goods during the Industrial Revolution were mainly made in peoples homes through the putting out system
Nations who expanded their military found themselves on the winning side of balance of power. Started an arms race as France, Sweden and others rapidly expanded their military after the 30 years war
Glorious Revolution (1688)
Mary and William of orange offered the throne by parliament to replace James II (successor to Charles II), after he fled. Peaceful* transfer of power. Ended divine right of kings and English bill of rights
During the Industrial Revolution, insurance started to gain prevalence. Insurance for entrepreneurs gave them the confidence to invest a very large amount of money on industrializing
Oliver Cromwell captured King Charles I and did away with political opposition in parliament, and then had King Charles beheaded.
Absolutism causes
Triangle Trade
a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa
King Louis the 14th relocated many nobles to his palace at Versailles where he could keep an eye on them and demand their loyalty.
Rump Parliament
The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy.
Divine right to rule, conflicts with parliament over money needed to put down rebellions, and conflict with puritans over religion. King Charles I married a catholic.
mechanical hoe
Included provisions for parliament, not the monarch to levy taxes. Stipulated that when parliament made a law, it couldn't be overturned by the monarch
Partition of Poland
The protectorate
The republic in England established by Oliver Cromwell, though in reality, it was a military dictatorship
Balance of Power
Divine Right of Kings
Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent
Rebellion of French nobles against cardinal mazarin, who was consolidating state power and taking away from the nobles. The Fronde threw France into chaos and cardinal mazarin eventually prevailed. The people realized they needed strong king
Peace of Utrecht (1713)
Required nobles to serve in the army. Created the table of ranks that ensured experts ended up on top
Jean Colbert, king Louis 14th’s finance minister implemented mercantilist policies to reduce France’s debt, improve domestic industry, expand colonial holdings, and created a favorable balance of trade. King Louis 14 wars undid these improvement
Colombian exchange impact on the agricultural revolution
Allowed for new crop-rotation methods and improved European diets which increased life-spans
Reorganized the Russian Orthodox Church and replaced leadership with his appointees
Agricultural output tripled despite urbanization thanks to new farming technology
consumer culture
Lower prices thanks to Industrial Revolution, agricultural Revolution, and the slave trade made many new things affordable for middle class Europeans, who started buying more stuff
associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen
Peter the great reforms
Visited Europe and convinced Russia needed to westernize and that he wanted to consolidate power for himself. Political reform, religious reform, cultural reform. To pay for the reforms, he tripled taxes so the peasants hated him
William of Orange
Before becoming king of England with Mary, he led the Calvinist revolt against Spain in the Netherlands in the 80 years war
Oliver Cromwells dictatorship
Held on to power at all costs and didn't give people the rights he had promised them
King Louis the 14th repealed the edict of Nantes
Wanted to promote religious unity to gain power
