Triangle Trade
Visited Europe and convinced Russia needed to westernize and that he wanted to consolidate power for himself. Political reform, religious reform, cultural reform. To pay for the reforms, he tripled taxes so the peasants hated him
Oliver Cromwells dictatorship
Held on to power at all costs and didn't give people the rights he had promised them
spinning machine powered by water wheel, invented by Richard Arkwright
Hugenots flee France
English Bill of Rights (1689)
Constitutionalsim
The protectorate
The republic in England established by Oliver Cromwell, though in reality, it was a military dictatorship
Divine Right of Kings
Peter the great's cultural reforms
Tried to shape Russian culture to fit the image of Western Europe. Ex: Beard tax
End of the English civl war
Oliver Cromwell captured King Charles I and did away with political opposition in parliament, and then had King Charles beheaded.
Made sure seeds were planted at exact intervals and made sure they were covered with dirt
Rise of insurance
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
Workers Guilds
Puritans
Jean Colbert's mercantilist policies
Jean Colbert, king Louis 14th’s finance minister implemented mercantilist policies to reduce France’s debt, improve domestic industry, expand colonial holdings, and created a favorable balance of trade. King Louis 14 wars undid these improvement
Lower prices thanks to Industrial Revolution, agricultural Revolution, and the slave trade made many new things affordable for middle class Europeans, who started buying more stuff
A document passed by the House of Commons during the Long Parliament that required Parliament to be summoned at least once every three years.
What did the Palace of Versailles do?
King Louis the 14th relocated many nobles to his palace at Versailles where he could keep an eye on them and demand their loyalty.
putting-out system
Peter the great's political reform
Wanted to promote religious unity to gain power
English Civil War (1642-1649)
Conflict between the king, parliament, and other elites over their respective roles in the political structure
Partition of Poland
Weak constitutional monarchy of Poland, was split between Austria, Prussia, and Russia worked together to divide Poland. Did this to maintain the balance of power between each other
Parliament restores the monarchy after the protectorate and appoints Charles 2nd.
Divine right to rule, conflicts with parliament over money needed to put down rebellions, and conflict with puritans over religion. King Charles I married a catholic.
Absolutism
Monarchs consolidating all state power under themselves in order to advance the needs of their own state
The fronde
Rebellion of French nobles against cardinal mazarin, who was consolidating state power and taking away from the nobles. The Fronde threw France into chaos and cardinal mazarin eventually prevailed. The people realized they needed strong king
Agriculture Revolution (1600s-1800s)
Agricultural output tripled despite urbanization thanks to new farming technology
