A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England.
The government is limited by the rule of law. The monarch had to share power.
Oliver Cromwells dictatorship
mechanical hoe
Increased the efficiency with which weeds were removed from the soil
English Bill of Rights (1689)
Included provisions for parliament, not the monarch to levy taxes. Stipulated that when parliament made a law, it couldn't be overturned by the monarch
Visited Europe and convinced Russia needed to westernize and that he wanted to consolidate power for himself. Political reform, religious reform, cultural reform. To pay for the reforms, he tripled taxes so the peasants hated him
End of the English civl war
Oliver Cromwell captured King Charles I and did away with political opposition in parliament, and then had King Charles beheaded.
Peter the great's religious reform
Reorganized the Russian Orthodox Church and replaced leadership with his appointees
consumer culture
Lower prices thanks to Industrial Revolution, agricultural Revolution, and the slave trade made many new things affordable for middle class Europeans, who started buying more stuff
William of Orange
Before becoming king of England with Mary, he led the Calvinist revolt against Spain in the Netherlands in the 80 years war
Colombian exchange impact on the agricultural revolution
Allowed for new crop-rotation methods and improved European diets which increased life-spans
King Louis the 14th sent representatives of himself to implement his policies across France. Undermined the authority of local governors and the nobility
Balance of Power
After the peace of Westphalia, wars were fought to maintain the balance of power instead of over religion
Parliaments army in the English civl war led by Oliver Cromwell
Agriculture Revolution (1600s-1800s)
Divine Right of Kings
Peter the great's cultural reforms
Tried to shape Russian culture to fit the image of Western Europe. Ex: Beard tax
The 30 years war weakened the influence of the Catholic Church and the growing merchant class wanted more stability.
Nations who expanded their military found themselves on the winning side of balance of power. Started an arms race as France, Sweden and others rapidly expanded their military after the 30 years war
English Civil War (1642-1649)
Conflict between the king, parliament, and other elites over their respective roles in the political structure
Absolutism
Monarchs consolidating all state power under themselves in order to advance the needs of their own state
Triennial Act (1641)
A document passed by the House of Commons during the Long Parliament that required Parliament to be summoned at least once every three years.
Jethro Tull's seed drill
Jean Colbert's mercantilist policies
Jean Colbert, king Louis 14th’s finance minister implemented mercantilist policies to reduce France’s debt, improve domestic industry, expand colonial holdings, and created a favorable balance of trade. King Louis 14 wars undid these improvement
Hugenots flee France
Hundreds of thousands fled, robbing France of its healthy merchant class
Peter the great's political reform
Required nobles to serve in the army. Created the table of ranks that ensured experts ended up on top
Wanted to promote religious unity to gain power
“I am the state”
The protectorate
The republic in England established by Oliver Cromwell, though in reality, it was a military dictatorship
Rise of insurance
