Jethro Tull's seed drill
Made sure seeds were planted at exact intervals and made sure they were covered with dirt
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa
English civl war causes
Workers Guilds
associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
Rise of insurance
During the Industrial Revolution, insurance started to gain prevalence. Insurance for entrepreneurs gave them the confidence to invest a very large amount of money on industrializing
Peter the great's religious reform
Reorganized the Russian Orthodox Church and replaced leadership with his appointees
Peter the great's cultural reforms
Tried to shape Russian culture to fit the image of Western Europe. Ex: Beard tax
spinning machine powered by water wheel, invented by Richard Arkwright
New Model Army
Parliaments army in the English civl war led by Oliver Cromwell
Constitutionalsim
The government is limited by the rule of law. The monarch had to share power.
The pact concluding the War of the Spanish Succession, forbidding the union of France with Spain. Maintained the balance of power in Europe.
End of the English civl war
Oliver Cromwell captured King Charles I and did away with political opposition in parliament, and then had King Charles beheaded.
Balance of Power
The protectorate
The republic in England established by Oliver Cromwell, though in reality, it was a military dictatorship
Absolutism
Monarchs consolidating all state power under themselves in order to advance the needs of their own state
English Bill of Rights (1689)
Wanted to promote religious unity to gain power
Restoration period
Parliament restores the monarchy after the protectorate and appoints Charles 2nd.
Agriculture Revolution (1600s-1800s)
Agricultural output tripled despite urbanization thanks to new farming technology
mechanical hoe
Increased the efficiency with which weeds were removed from the soil
Allowed for new crop-rotation methods and improved European diets which increased life-spans
Dutch States General
Glorious Revolution (1688)
Mary and William of orange offered the throne by parliament to replace James II (successor to Charles II), after he fled. Peaceful* transfer of power. Ended divine right of kings and English bill of rights
Between king Phillip ||| of Spain and 17 provinces of Netherlands , provinces won the war. Was fought over Spanish control of Dutch wealth and tolerance of Protestantism
Before becoming king of England with Mary, he led the Calvinist revolt against Spain in the Netherlands in the 80 years war
Oliver Cromwells dictatorship
Held on to power at all costs and didn't give people the rights he had promised them
Rump Parliament
The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy.
Hugenots flee France
Hundreds of thousands fled, robbing France of its healthy merchant class
