Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England.
Dutch States General
The Dutch federal assembly which comprised of Dutch oligarchs who made policy that served their best interests
King Louis the 14th sent representatives of himself to implement his policies across France. Undermined the authority of local governors and the nobility
Triangle Trade
Hugenots flee France
Hundreds of thousands fled, robbing France of its healthy merchant class
Wanted to promote religious unity to gain power
Mercantilism
Jethro Tull's seed drill
Jean Colbert's mercantilist policies
Peace of Utrecht (1713)
The pact concluding the War of the Spanish Succession, forbidding the union of France with Spain. Maintained the balance of power in Europe.
Lower prices thanks to Industrial Revolution, agricultural Revolution, and the slave trade made many new things affordable for middle class Europeans, who started buying more stuff
putting-out system
Before factories, goods during the Industrial Revolution were mainly made in peoples homes through the putting out system
Parliaments army in the English civl war led by Oliver Cromwell
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
A war fought over the Spanish throne. Louis XIV wanted it for his grandson and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman who wanted to maintain the balance of power.
The protectorate
The republic in England established by Oliver Cromwell, though in reality, it was a military dictatorship
Peter the great reforms
Visited Europe and convinced Russia needed to westernize and that he wanted to consolidate power for himself. Political reform, religious reform, cultural reform. To pay for the reforms, he tripled taxes so the peasants hated him
“I am the state”
Said by Louis the 14th, the absolute ruler of france
Included provisions for parliament, not the monarch to levy taxes. Stipulated that when parliament made a law, it couldn't be overturned by the monarch
English Civil War (1642-1649)
Conflict between the king, parliament, and other elites over their respective roles in the political structure
The 30 years war weakened the influence of the Catholic Church and the growing merchant class wanted more stability.
80 Years War (1568-1648)
William of Orange
Before becoming king of England with Mary, he led the Calvinist revolt against Spain in the Netherlands in the 80 years war
What did the Palace of Versailles do?
King Louis the 14th relocated many nobles to his palace at Versailles where he could keep an eye on them and demand their loyalty.
Colombian exchange impact on the agricultural revolution
Allowed for new crop-rotation methods and improved European diets which increased life-spans
Partition of Poland
Weak constitutional monarchy of Poland, was split between Austria, Prussia, and Russia worked together to divide Poland. Did this to maintain the balance of power between each other
Glorious Revolution (1688)
Peter the great's religious reform
Battle of Vienna (1683)
Last unsuccessful Ottoman attempt to take central Europe in 1683, cementing Habsburg control in southeastern Europe and ending Ottoman westward expansion.
mechanical hoe
Increased the efficiency with which weeds were removed from the soil
Agriculture Revolution (1600s-1800s)
Agricultural output tripled despite urbanization thanks to new farming technology
