Peter the great reforms
Visited Europe and convinced Russia needed to westernize and that he wanted to consolidate power for himself. Political reform, religious reform, cultural reform. To pay for the reforms, he tripled taxes so the peasants hated him
putting-out system
Oliver Cromwells dictatorship
Held on to power at all costs and didn't give people the rights he had promised them
Last unsuccessful Ottoman attempt to take central Europe in 1683, cementing Habsburg control in southeastern Europe and ending Ottoman westward expansion.
Military impact of balance of power wars
Dutch States General
The Dutch federal assembly which comprised of Dutch oligarchs who made policy that served their best interests
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa
Workers Guilds
associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen
Absolutism
Rump Parliament
The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy.
Partition of Poland
Weak constitutional monarchy of Poland, was split between Austria, Prussia, and Russia worked together to divide Poland. Did this to maintain the balance of power between each other
Peter the great's religious reform
Reorganized the Russian Orthodox Church and replaced leadership with his appointees
William of Orange
Before becoming king of England with Mary, he led the Calvinist revolt against Spain in the Netherlands in the 80 years war
English civl war causes
Divine right to rule, conflicts with parliament over money needed to put down rebellions, and conflict with puritans over religion. King Charles I married a catholic.
Constitutionalsim
The government is limited by the rule of law. The monarch had to share power.
Divine Right of Kings
Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent
80 Years War (1568-1648)
Between king Phillip ||| of Spain and 17 provinces of Netherlands , provinces won the war. Was fought over Spanish control of Dutch wealth and tolerance of Protestantism
After the peace of Westphalia, wars were fought to maintain the balance of power instead of over religion
King Louis the 14th repealed the edict of Nantes
Wanted to promote religious unity to gain power
Peter the great's cultural reforms
Tried to shape Russian culture to fit the image of Western Europe. Ex: Beard tax
What did the Palace of Versailles do?
King Louis the 14th relocated many nobles to his palace at Versailles where he could keep an eye on them and demand their loyalty.
Glorious Revolution (1688)
Mary and William of orange offered the throne by parliament to replace James II (successor to Charles II), after he fled. Peaceful* transfer of power. Ended divine right of kings and English bill of rights
The intendant system
King Louis the 14th sent representatives of himself to implement his policies across France. Undermined the authority of local governors and the nobility
mechanical hoe
Increased the efficiency with which weeds were removed from the soil
Peace of Utrecht (1713)
The pact concluding the War of the Spanish Succession, forbidding the union of France with Spain. Maintained the balance of power in Europe.
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
A war fought over the Spanish throne. Louis XIV wanted it for his grandson and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman who wanted to maintain the balance of power.
Jethro Tull's seed drill
Made sure seeds were planted at exact intervals and made sure they were covered with dirt
The protectorate
The republic in England established by Oliver Cromwell, though in reality, it was a military dictatorship
English Bill of Rights (1689)
