Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England.
Required nobles to serve in the army. Created the table of ranks that ensured experts ended up on top
Peter the great's cultural reforms
Tried to shape Russian culture to fit the image of Western Europe. Ex: Beard tax
Last unsuccessful Ottoman attempt to take central Europe in 1683, cementing Habsburg control in southeastern Europe and ending Ottoman westward expansion.
Jethro Tull's seed drill
Made sure seeds were planted at exact intervals and made sure they were covered with dirt
The pact concluding the War of the Spanish Succession, forbidding the union of France with Spain. Maintained the balance of power in Europe.
Hugenots flee France
Hundreds of thousands fled, robbing France of its healthy merchant class
The republic in England established by Oliver Cromwell, though in reality, it was a military dictatorship
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
consumer culture
Lower prices thanks to Industrial Revolution, agricultural Revolution, and the slave trade made many new things affordable for middle class Europeans, who started buying more stuff
A war fought over the Spanish throne. Louis XIV wanted it for his grandson and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman who wanted to maintain the balance of power.
80 Years War (1568-1648)
Between king Phillip ||| of Spain and 17 provinces of Netherlands , provinces won the war. Was fought over Spanish control of Dutch wealth and tolerance of Protestantism
Held on to power at all costs and didn't give people the rights he had promised them
Triangle Trade
a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa
The government is limited by the rule of law. The monarch had to share power.
Waterframe
spinning machine powered by water wheel, invented by Richard Arkwright
Glorious Revolution (1688)
Mary and William of orange offered the throne by parliament to replace James II (successor to Charles II), after he fled. Peaceful* transfer of power. Ended divine right of kings and English bill of rights
The fronde
Rebellion of French nobles against cardinal mazarin, who was consolidating state power and taking away from the nobles. The Fronde threw France into chaos and cardinal mazarin eventually prevailed. The people realized they needed strong king
The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy.
During the Industrial Revolution, insurance started to gain prevalence. Insurance for entrepreneurs gave them the confidence to invest a very large amount of money on industrializing
Workers Guilds
Divine Right of Kings
After the peace of Westphalia, wars were fought to maintain the balance of power instead of over religion
Triennial Act (1641)
A document passed by the House of Commons during the Long Parliament that required Parliament to be summoned at least once every three years.
Absolutism
Monarchs consolidating all state power under themselves in order to advance the needs of their own state
King Louis the 14th repealed the edict of Nantes
Wanted to promote religious unity to gain power
What did the Palace of Versailles do?
King Louis the 14th relocated many nobles to his palace at Versailles where he could keep an eye on them and demand their loyalty.
Peter the great reforms
Visited Europe and convinced Russia needed to westernize and that he wanted to consolidate power for himself. Political reform, religious reform, cultural reform. To pay for the reforms, he tripled taxes so the peasants hated him
English civl war causes
Divine right to rule, conflicts with parliament over money needed to put down rebellions, and conflict with puritans over religion. King Charles I married a catholic.
mechanical hoe
