Jethro Tull's seed drill
Made sure seeds were planted at exact intervals and made sure they were covered with dirt
Glorious Revolution (1688)
Mary and William of orange offered the throne by parliament to replace James II (successor to Charles II), after he fled. Peaceful* transfer of power. Ended divine right of kings and English bill of rights
English civl war causes
Divine right to rule, conflicts with parliament over money needed to put down rebellions, and conflict with puritans over religion. King Charles I married a catholic.
Rump Parliament
The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy.
Workers Guilds
Triangle Trade
a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa
Waterframe
Puritans
Hugenots flee France
Hundreds of thousands fled, robbing France of its healthy merchant class
The 30 years war weakened the influence of the Catholic Church and the growing merchant class wanted more stability.
Military impact of balance of power wars
putting-out system
Included provisions for parliament, not the monarch to levy taxes. Stipulated that when parliament made a law, it couldn't be overturned by the monarch
The republic in England established by Oliver Cromwell, though in reality, it was a military dictatorship
Visited Europe and convinced Russia needed to westernize and that he wanted to consolidate power for himself. Political reform, religious reform, cultural reform. To pay for the reforms, he tripled taxes so the peasants hated him
Held on to power at all costs and didn't give people the rights he had promised them
Required nobles to serve in the army. Created the table of ranks that ensured experts ended up on top
Agricultural output tripled despite urbanization thanks to new farming technology
The fronde
A war fought over the Spanish throne. Louis XIV wanted it for his grandson and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman who wanted to maintain the balance of power.
The intendant system
King Louis the 14th sent representatives of himself to implement his policies across France. Undermined the authority of local governors and the nobility
Partition of Poland
Weak constitutional monarchy of Poland, was split between Austria, Prussia, and Russia worked together to divide Poland. Did this to maintain the balance of power between each other
Jean Colbert's mercantilist policies
Jean Colbert, king Louis 14th’s finance minister implemented mercantilist policies to reduce France’s debt, improve domestic industry, expand colonial holdings, and created a favorable balance of trade. King Louis 14 wars undid these improvement
Divine Right of Kings
Absolutism
Monarchs consolidating all state power under themselves in order to advance the needs of their own state
The government is limited by the rule of law. The monarch had to share power.
80 Years War (1568-1648)
Restoration period
Parliament restores the monarchy after the protectorate and appoints Charles 2nd.
New Model Army
Parliaments army in the English civl war led by Oliver Cromwell
Peace of Utrecht (1713)
The pact concluding the War of the Spanish Succession, forbidding the union of France with Spain. Maintained the balance of power in Europe.
