Balance of Power
Workers Guilds
Battle of Vienna (1683)
Last unsuccessful Ottoman attempt to take central Europe in 1683, cementing Habsburg control in southeastern Europe and ending Ottoman westward expansion.
80 Years War (1568-1648)
Between king Phillip ||| of Spain and 17 provinces of Netherlands , provinces won the war. Was fought over Spanish control of Dutch wealth and tolerance of Protestantism
English Bill of Rights (1689)
Included provisions for parliament, not the monarch to levy taxes. Stipulated that when parliament made a law, it couldn't be overturned by the monarch
Triangle Trade
“I am the state”
The pact concluding the War of the Spanish Succession, forbidding the union of France with Spain. Maintained the balance of power in Europe.
spinning machine powered by water wheel, invented by Richard Arkwright
New Model Army
Parliaments army in the English civl war led by Oliver Cromwell
Agriculture Revolution (1600s-1800s)
Agricultural output tripled despite urbanization thanks to new farming technology
English Civil War (1642-1649)
Conflict between the king, parliament, and other elites over their respective roles in the political structure
Oliver Cromwell captured King Charles I and did away with political opposition in parliament, and then had King Charles beheaded.
Peter the great's cultural reforms
Tried to shape Russian culture to fit the image of Western Europe. Ex: Beard tax
Visited Europe and convinced Russia needed to westernize and that he wanted to consolidate power for himself. Political reform, religious reform, cultural reform. To pay for the reforms, he tripled taxes so the peasants hated him
putting-out system
Before factories, goods during the Industrial Revolution were mainly made in peoples homes through the putting out system
The intendant system
King Louis the 14th sent representatives of himself to implement his policies across France. Undermined the authority of local governors and the nobility
Restoration period
Parliament restores the monarchy after the protectorate and appoints Charles 2nd.
Jean Colbert's mercantilist policies
Mary and William of orange offered the throne by parliament to replace James II (successor to Charles II), after he fled. Peaceful* transfer of power. Ended divine right of kings and English bill of rights
Hugenots flee France
Hundreds of thousands fled, robbing France of its healthy merchant class
The Dutch federal assembly which comprised of Dutch oligarchs who made policy that served their best interests
Wanted to promote religious unity to gain power
Military impact of balance of power wars
Nations who expanded their military found themselves on the winning side of balance of power. Started an arms race as France, Sweden and others rapidly expanded their military after the 30 years war
consumer culture
Lower prices thanks to Industrial Revolution, agricultural Revolution, and the slave trade made many new things affordable for middle class Europeans, who started buying more stuff
Constitutionalsim
The government is limited by the rule of law. The monarch had to share power.
Absolutism causes
The 30 years war weakened the influence of the Catholic Church and the growing merchant class wanted more stability.
Monarchs consolidating all state power under themselves in order to advance the needs of their own state
Weak constitutional monarchy of Poland, was split between Austria, Prussia, and Russia worked together to divide Poland. Did this to maintain the balance of power between each other
Increased the efficiency with which weeds were removed from the soil
