William of Orange
Before becoming king of England with Mary, he led the Calvinist revolt against Spain in the Netherlands in the 80 years war
mechanical hoe
Waterframe
spinning machine powered by water wheel, invented by Richard Arkwright
Battle of Vienna (1683)
Last unsuccessful Ottoman attempt to take central Europe in 1683, cementing Habsburg control in southeastern Europe and ending Ottoman westward expansion.
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
A war fought over the Spanish throne. Louis XIV wanted it for his grandson and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman who wanted to maintain the balance of power.
The intendant system
King Louis the 14th sent representatives of himself to implement his policies across France. Undermined the authority of local governors and the nobility
The protectorate
Jean Colbert's mercantilist policies
Jean Colbert, king Louis 14th’s finance minister implemented mercantilist policies to reduce France’s debt, improve domestic industry, expand colonial holdings, and created a favorable balance of trade. King Louis 14 wars undid these improvement
“I am the state”
Said by Louis the 14th, the absolute ruler of france
After the peace of Westphalia, wars were fought to maintain the balance of power instead of over religion
consumer culture
Lower prices thanks to Industrial Revolution, agricultural Revolution, and the slave trade made many new things affordable for middle class Europeans, who started buying more stuff
Glorious Revolution (1688)
Mary and William of orange offered the throne by parliament to replace James II (successor to Charles II), after he fled. Peaceful* transfer of power. Ended divine right of kings and English bill of rights
Peter the great's political reform
Required nobles to serve in the army. Created the table of ranks that ensured experts ended up on top
Dutch States General
The Dutch federal assembly which comprised of Dutch oligarchs who made policy that served their best interests
The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy.
Peter the great's cultural reforms
End of the English civl war
Oliver Cromwell captured King Charles I and did away with political opposition in parliament, and then had King Charles beheaded.
Peace of Utrecht (1713)
The pact concluding the War of the Spanish Succession, forbidding the union of France with Spain. Maintained the balance of power in Europe.
Made sure seeds were planted at exact intervals and made sure they were covered with dirt
Before factories, goods during the Industrial Revolution were mainly made in peoples homes through the putting out system
King Louis the 14th repealed the edict of Nantes
Wanted to promote religious unity to gain power
Nations who expanded their military found themselves on the winning side of balance of power. Started an arms race as France, Sweden and others rapidly expanded their military after the 30 years war
Hugenots flee France
Hundreds of thousands fled, robbing France of its healthy merchant class
Rise of insurance
During the Industrial Revolution, insurance started to gain prevalence. Insurance for entrepreneurs gave them the confidence to invest a very large amount of money on industrializing
Absolutism causes
The 30 years war weakened the influence of the Catholic Church and the growing merchant class wanted more stability.
Allowed for new crop-rotation methods and improved European diets which increased life-spans
New Model Army
Parliaments army in the English civl war led by Oliver Cromwell
What did the Palace of Versailles do?
King Louis the 14th relocated many nobles to his palace at Versailles where he could keep an eye on them and demand their loyalty.
Included provisions for parliament, not the monarch to levy taxes. Stipulated that when parliament made a law, it couldn't be overturned by the monarch
Oliver Cromwells dictatorship
Held on to power at all costs and didn't give people the rights he had promised them
