Peter the great's cultural reforms
Tried to shape Russian culture to fit the image of Western Europe. Ex: Beard tax
spinning machine powered by water wheel, invented by Richard Arkwright
Partition of Poland
Weak constitutional monarchy of Poland, was split between Austria, Prussia, and Russia worked together to divide Poland. Did this to maintain the balance of power between each other
Peter the great's political reform
Required nobles to serve in the army. Created the table of ranks that ensured experts ended up on top
The Dutch federal assembly which comprised of Dutch oligarchs who made policy that served their best interests
Restoration period
Absolutism causes
Wanted to promote religious unity to gain power
After the peace of Westphalia, wars were fought to maintain the balance of power instead of over religion
Jethro Tull's seed drill
Made sure seeds were planted at exact intervals and made sure they were covered with dirt
Jean Colbert, king Louis 14th’s finance minister implemented mercantilist policies to reduce France’s debt, improve domestic industry, expand colonial holdings, and created a favorable balance of trade. King Louis 14 wars undid these improvement
consumer culture
Lower prices thanks to Industrial Revolution, agricultural Revolution, and the slave trade made many new things affordable for middle class Europeans, who started buying more stuff
Rise of insurance
English civl war causes
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
Absolutism
Monarchs consolidating all state power under themselves in order to advance the needs of their own state
Oliver Cromwells dictatorship
English Bill of Rights (1689)
Hundreds of thousands fled, robbing France of its healthy merchant class
The fronde
Rebellion of French nobles against cardinal mazarin, who was consolidating state power and taking away from the nobles. The Fronde threw France into chaos and cardinal mazarin eventually prevailed. The people realized they needed strong king
New Model Army
Parliaments army in the English civl war led by Oliver Cromwell
Increased the efficiency with which weeds were removed from the soil
putting-out system
Before factories, goods during the Industrial Revolution were mainly made in peoples homes through the putting out system
Battle of Vienna (1683)
Workers Guilds
associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen
Agricultural output tripled despite urbanization thanks to new farming technology
Peter the great reforms
a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa
Puritans
Reorganized the Russian Orthodox Church and replaced leadership with his appointees
