French thinkers
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Galen
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Enlightenment views of religion
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Johannes Kepler
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
Developed inductive reasoning
Consumer Revolution
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Denis Diderot
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
Humoral theory of the body
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Tenaments
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Popes response to galieleo
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Paracelsus
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Population increases in the 1700s
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Natural rights
Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Using specific observations to create general principles
Contagious Diseases Act
Salon
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
The enlightenment
