Salon
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Consumer Revolution
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Coffee Houses
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
The enlightenment
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Atheism
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
John Locke
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Voltaire
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
Charter of towns 1792
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Francis Bacon
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Population increases in the 1700s
Urbanization
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Denis Diderot
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Deism
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Contagious Diseases Act
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
Humoral theory of the body
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Paracelsus
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
Inductive reasoning
Using specific observations to create general principles
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
