Popes response to galieleo
Enlightenment views of religion
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Atheism
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
John Locke
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Mary Wollstonecraft
Enlightened Absolutism
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
Francis Bacon
Developed inductive reasoning
Natural rights
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
Social Contract
Voltaire
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Urbanization
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Galileo Galilei
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
Humoral theory of the body
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Consumer Revolution
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Tenaments
Enlightenment thinkers applied new methods of reasoning to politics, and human institutions
Galen
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Neoclassicism
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
French thinkers
Salon
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
