Atheism
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Geocentric model of the universe
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Salon
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Galen
Enlightenment views of religion
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
Developed inductive reasoning
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
The enlightenment
Enlightenment thinkers applied new methods of reasoning to politics, and human institutions
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Denis Diderot
Paracelsus
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Tenaments
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Philosophes
French thinkers
Contagious Diseases Act
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Natural rights
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Deductive reasoning
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Popes response to galieleo
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Voltaire
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Johannes Kepler
Urbanization
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Charter of towns 1792
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Consumer Revolution
