Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Galileo Galilei
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
John Locke
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Tenaments
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Contagious Diseases Act
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Thomas Hobbes
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Enlightenment views of religion
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
Atheism
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
French thinkers
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
Charter of towns 1792
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Enlightenment thinkers applied new methods of reasoning to politics, and human institutions
Geocentric model of the universe
Using specific observations to create general principles
Mary Wollstonecraft
Enlightened Absolutism
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
Popes response to galieleo
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Deism
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Consumer Revolution
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Natural rights
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Johannes Kepler
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
