Salon
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Johannes Kepler
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Thomas Hobbes
Denis Diderot
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Coffee Houses
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Deductive reasoning
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Tenaments
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Consumer Revolution
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Philosophes
Inductive reasoning
Using specific observations to create general principles
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Paracelsus
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Geocentric model of the universe
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Urbanization
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Charter of towns 1792
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
