Adam Smith, The Wealth of NationsAttacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
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Boost!
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
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Geocentric model of the universeEvery body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Population increases in the 1700sRising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
PhilosophesFrench thinkers
Contagious Diseases ActThis allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Inductive reasoningUsing specific observations to create general principles
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Mary Wollstonecraft
Johannes Kepler
John LockeArgued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Social ContractA voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Tenamentsa cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Popes response to galieleoDespite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
Galileo Galilei
Salonprivate drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
Thomas HobbesThere is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Reading RevolutionThe transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Enlightened absolutists monarchsFrederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
GalenAncient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Coffee Houses
Voltaire
Deductive reasoningUsing general principles to determine specific consitions
Enlightened Absolutisma system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
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UrbanizationThanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Johannes KeplerAffirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
Humoral theory of the bodyThe body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
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Boost!
Francis BaconDeveloped inductive reasoning
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Enlightenment views of religion
Thomas Hobbes
Galileo GalileiBuilt a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
The enlightenmentEnlightenment thinkers applied new methods of reasoning to politics, and human institutions
Natural rightsThe idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Mary WollstonecraftEnglish writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Tenamentsa cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Frozen!
Frozen!
Neoclassicism
William Harvey Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Popes response to galieleo
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Inductive reasoningUsing specific observations to create general principles
AtheismDiderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Population increases in the 1700s
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Deductive reasoningUsing general principles to determine specific consitions
Enlightened absolutists monarchsFrederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Reading RevolutionThe transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Scientific methodDuring the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation