Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
John Locke
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Atheism
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Developed inductive reasoning
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Enlightened Absolutism
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
Consumer Revolution
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Inductive reasoning
Population increases in the 1700s
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Humoral theory of the body
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Philosophes
French thinkers
The enlightenment
Enlightenment thinkers applied new methods of reasoning to politics, and human institutions
Tenaments
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Galileo Galilei
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Galen
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
