Humoral theory of the body
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Contagious Diseases Act
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
John Locke
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Natural rights
Deductive reasoning
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Enlightened Absolutism
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
French thinkers
Thomas Hobbes
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Popes response to galieleo
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Francis Bacon
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Voltaire
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Atheism
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
Urbanization
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Enlightenment views of religion
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Tenaments
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
The enlightenment
Nicolaus Copernicus
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
