A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Denis Diderot
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
Galen
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Charter of towns 1792
Paracelsus
Deism
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Francis Bacon
Developed inductive reasoning
Thomas Hobbes
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Enlightenment views of religion
Voltaire
Johannes Kepler
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
William Harvey
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Philosophes
French thinkers
Contagious Diseases Act
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Natural rights
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Enlightened Absolutism
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Neoclassicism
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
