Francis Bacon
Developed inductive reasoning
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Johannes Kepler
Contagious Diseases Act
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Voltaire
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Deductive reasoning
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Geocentric model of the universe
The enlightenment
Deism
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Using specific observations to create general principles
Enlightened Absolutism
Philosophes
Charter of towns 1792
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
William Harvey
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Natural rights
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Denis Diderot
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
Tenaments
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Salon
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
