Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Geocentric model of the universe
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Population increases in the 1700s
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Philosophes
French thinkers
Contagious Diseases Act
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Inductive reasoning
Using specific observations to create general principles
Mary Wollstonecraft
Johannes Kepler
John Locke
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Tenaments
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Popes response to galieleo
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
Galileo Galilei
Salon
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
Thomas Hobbes
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Galen
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Coffee Houses
Voltaire
Deductive reasoning
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
