Popes response to galieleo
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Francis Bacon
Developed inductive reasoning
Denis Diderot
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Geocentric model of the universe
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Nicolaus Copernicus
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
Reading Revolution
The enlightenment
Enlightenment thinkers applied new methods of reasoning to politics, and human institutions
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Population increases in the 1700s
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Scientific method
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Thomas Hobbes
Charter of towns 1792
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Paracelsus
Contagious Diseases Act
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Tenaments
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Philosophes
Consumer Revolution
John Locke
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Enlightenment views of religion
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
William Harvey
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
