Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Paracelsus
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Deism
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Tenaments
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Charter of towns 1792
Geocentric model of the universe
Deductive reasoning
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Coffee Houses
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Humoral theory of the body
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Francis Bacon
Natural rights
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Galen
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
French thinkers
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Salon
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Denis Diderot
Galileo Galilei
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
Voltaire
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
