Thomas Hobbes
Population increases in the 1700s
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Inductive reasoning
Using specific observations to create general principles
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Philosophes
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Voltaire
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Contagious Diseases Act
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Deism
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Natural rights
Charter of towns 1792
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
John Locke
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Denis Diderot
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
William Harvey
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Coffee Houses
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Nicolaus Copernicus
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
Paracelsus
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Galen
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
