Salon
Thomas Hobbes
Atheism
Popes response to galieleo
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Voltaire
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Deductive reasoning
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Galileo Galilei
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
Coffee Houses
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Geocentric model of the universe
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Francis Bacon
Developed inductive reasoning
Denis Diderot
Philosophes
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Nicolaus Copernicus
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Johannes Kepler
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Humoral theory of the body
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Paracelsus
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
