Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Deism
Voltaire
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Francis Bacon
Developed inductive reasoning
Philosophes
French thinkers
Humoral theory of the body
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Atheism
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Tenaments
Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Paracelsus
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Charter of towns 1792
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Enlightenment views of religion
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Thomas Hobbes
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
William Harvey
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Consumer Revolution
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Inductive reasoning
Using specific observations to create general principles
Geocentric model of the universe
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Salon
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
John Locke
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
