Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Voltaire
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
William Harvey
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Paracelsus
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Denis Diderot
The enlightenment
Enlightenment thinkers applied new methods of reasoning to politics, and human institutions
Salon
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
John Locke
Popes response to galieleo
Charter of towns 1792
Consumer Revolution
Thomas Hobbes
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Natural rights
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Geocentric model of the universe
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Tenaments
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Contagious Diseases Act
Deism
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Enlightenment views of religion
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Urbanization
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Inductive reasoning
Galen
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Philosophes
French thinkers
