The enlightenmentEnlightenment thinkers applied new methods of reasoning to politics, and human institutions
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Developed inductive reasoning
Philosophes
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
John Locke
Atheism
Adam Smith, The Wealth of NationsAttacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Consumer Revolution
Geocentric model of the universe
Denis DiderotCollaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Contagious Diseases ActThis allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
VoltaireMost famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Deism
Johannes Kepler
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Tenamentsa cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Coffee HousesGrew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Jean-Jacques RousseauA French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Using specific observations to create general principles
Humoral theory of the bodyThe body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Thomas HobbesThere is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
Galileo Galilei
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Natural rightsThe idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Paracelsus
Consumer RevolutionMiddle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Frozen!
Frozen!
Enlightenment views of religion
Frozen!
Frozen!
Boost!
Boost!
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Francis BaconDeveloped inductive reasoning
Voltaire
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Jean-Jacques RousseauA French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
UrbanizationThanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Contagious Diseases ActThis allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
ParacelsusRejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Salonprivate drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
Charter of towns 1792
PhilosophesFrench thinkers
Adam Smith, The Wealth of NationsAttacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Scientific methodDuring the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Denis Diderot
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Atheism
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Boost!
Boost!
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Natural rights
Population increases in the 1700sRising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Social Contract
Coffee HousesGrew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Inductive reasoningUsing specific observations to create general principles
Thomas Hobbes
Tenaments
John LockeArgued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people