Denis Diderot
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Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Contagious Diseases Act
John Locke Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Charter of towns 1792
Jean-Jacques Rousseau A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
Using specific observations to create general principles
Scientific method During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Social Contract A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Enlightened Absolutism
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Enlightened absolutists monarchs Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Paracelsus
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Thomas Hobbes There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Geocentric model of the universe Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Humoral theory of the body The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Population increases in the 1700s Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Philosophes
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private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
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Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Francis Bacon Developed inductive reasoning
Coffee Houses Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
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Humoral theory of the body The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
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Salon private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Urbanization Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Geocentric model of the universe Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Social Contract A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Voltaire Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Enlightened Absolutism
Deism Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Inductive reasoning Using specific observations to create general principles
Contagious Diseases Act This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Popes response to galieleo Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
William Harvey Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Neoclassicism
Galileo Galilei Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Thomas Hobbes There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Mary Wollstonecraft English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Tenaments a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
French thinkers
Johannes Kepler
Denis Diderot
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Galen
Atheism Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
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A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
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