Population increases in the 1700s
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Galen
Atheism
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Coffee Houses
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
The enlightenment
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Francis Bacon
Developed inductive reasoning
Natural rights
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Johannes Kepler
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
Charter of towns 1792
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Salon
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Galileo Galilei
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Humoral theory of the body
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Philosophes
French thinkers
Enlightened Absolutism
John Locke
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Thomas Hobbes
Popes response to galieleo
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Enlightenment views of religion
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
