Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Coffee Houses
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Enlightenment views of religion
Using specific observations to create general principles
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
Galileo Galilei
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Enlightened Absolutism
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
The enlightenment
Enlightenment thinkers applied new methods of reasoning to politics, and human institutions
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Johannes Kepler
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
Tenaments
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Deductive reasoning
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Denis Diderot
Nicolaus Copernicus
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
Salon
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Contagious Diseases Act
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Geocentric model of the universe
Atheism
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Urbanization
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Population increases in the 1700s
