Voltaire
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
The enlightenment
Deism
Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Johannes Kepler
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Inductive reasoning
Using specific observations to create general principles
Humoral theory of the body
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Galen
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Population increases in the 1700s
Popes response to galieleo
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Francis Bacon
Developed inductive reasoning
Galileo Galilei
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Neoclassicism
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Coffee Houses
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Paracelsus
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
Charter of towns 1792
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Enlightened Absolutism
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
Denis Diderot
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Geocentric model of the universe
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Enlightenment views of religion
