Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Deism
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Tenaments
Salon
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Thomas Hobbes
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Popes response to galieleo
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Paracelsus
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Contagious Diseases Act
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Atheism
Enlightened Absolutism
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Neoclassicism
Johannes Kepler
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
John Locke
The enlightenment
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Inductive reasoning
Using specific observations to create general principles
Voltaire
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Population increases in the 1700s
Consumer Revolution
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Philosophes
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
