Galen
Denis Diderot
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Philosophes
French thinkers
Coffee Houses
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Johannes Kepler
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
John Locke
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Enlightenment views of religion
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Charter of towns 1792
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Atheism
Salon
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
Popes response to galieleo
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Neoclassicism
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Tenaments
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Nicolaus Copernicus
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
Francis Bacon
Developed inductive reasoning
Enlightened Absolutism
Humoral theory of the body
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Thomas Hobbes
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
Inductive reasoning
Using specific observations to create general principles
