a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Popes response to galieleo
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Urbanization
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Francis Bacon
Developed inductive reasoning
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Humoral theory of the body
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Consumer Revolution
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Inductive reasoning
Geocentric model of the universe
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
John Locke
Natural rights
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Enlightenment views of religion
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Deductive reasoning
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Paracelsus
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Voltaire
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
Philosophes
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Charter of towns 1792
Johannes Kepler
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Atheism
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
