Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Deism
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Enlightenment views of religion
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Thomas Hobbes
Urbanization
Paracelsus
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Consumer Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus
French thinkers
Population increases in the 1700s
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Enlightened Absolutism
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Popes response to galieleo
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
William Harvey
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Inductive reasoning
Atheism
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Coffee Houses
Galileo Galilei
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Francis Bacon
Tenaments
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
