Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Johannes Kepler
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
Deism
Paracelsus
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Denis Diderot
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
Urbanization
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Population increases in the 1700s
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
William Harvey
Popes response to galieleo
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Consumer Revolution
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Contagious Diseases Act
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Tenaments
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Natural rights
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
Geocentric model of the universe
Thomas Hobbes
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Salon
Using specific observations to create general principles
The enlightenment
Enlightenment thinkers applied new methods of reasoning to politics, and human institutions
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
