Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
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Scientific method During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Jean-Jacques Rousseau A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Galileo Galilei Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
John Locke Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Tenaments a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Contagious Diseases Act This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Thomas Hobbes There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Enlightenment views of religion Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Reading Revolution The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
Atheism Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
French thinkers
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
Charter of towns 1792 Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Enlightenment thinkers applied new methods of reasoning to politics, and human institutions
Geocentric model of the universe
Using specific observations to create general principles
Mary Wollstonecraft
Enlightened Absolutism a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
Popes response to galieleo Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Deism
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Consumer Revolution Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Natural rights The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Johannes Kepler
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Social Contract A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Population increases in the 1700s Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Reading Revolution The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Jean-Jacques Rousseau A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Inductive reasoning Using specific observations to create general principles
Francis Bacon Developed inductive reasoning
Enlightenment views of religion Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Denis Diderot Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
Contagious Diseases Act This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Galileo Galilei
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
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Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Deductive reasoning
Neoclassicism In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Humoral theory of the body
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
Salon
Paracelsus Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
William Harvey Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Johannes Kepler Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Philosophes French thinkers
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Thomas Hobbes
Popes response to galieleo
John Locke Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
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