Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Developed inductive reasoning
William Harvey
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
Enlightenment views of religion
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Consumer Revolution
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Coffee Houses
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Galen
Popes response to galieleo
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Social Contract
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Natural rights
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
Galileo Galilei
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Salon
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
