Paracelsus
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Tenaments
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Neoclassicism
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
Voltaire
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Inductive reasoning
Using specific observations to create general principles
Population increases in the 1700s
Deism
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Charter of towns 1792
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
Deductive reasoning
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Galen
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Coffee Houses
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Mary Wollstonecraft
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Developed inductive reasoning
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Humoral theory of the body
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
Urbanization
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Johannes Kepler
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
