John Locke
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Humoral theory of the body
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Deductive reasoning
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Deism
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Urbanization
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Natural rights
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
Galen
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Voltaire
Popes response to galieleo
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Nicolaus Copernicus
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
Population increases in the 1700s
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
William Harvey
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Atheism
The enlightenment
Contagious Diseases Act
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Inductive reasoning
Using specific observations to create general principles
Geocentric model of the universe
Philosophes
French thinkers
Neoclassicism
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Salon
Enlightenment views of religion
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
