Unit 4 review (1648-1815) duel

Inductive reasoning

Population increases in the 1700s

Geocentric model of the universe Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe

Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.

Enlightened Absolutism a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation

Enlightenment views of religion Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.

John Locke Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people

Philosophes French thinkers

Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.

Reading Revolution The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased

Johannes Kepler Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles

Galileo Galilei Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light

Francis Bacon Developed inductive reasoning

Natural rights The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property

Jean-Jacques Rousseau A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract

Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence

Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.

Scientific method During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation

Social Contract A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men

Coffee Houses

Urbanization Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.

Charter of towns 1792 Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews

Nicolaus Copernicus Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.

Neoclassicism In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society

William Harvey Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works

Consumer Revolution Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure

Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.

Tenaments a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities

Coffee Houses Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas

Popes response to galieleo Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death

Mary Wollstonecraft English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Deism

The enlightenment Enlightenment thinkers applied new methods of reasoning to politics, and human institutions

Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people

Voltaire Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism

Inductive reasoning Using specific observations to create general principles

There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature

Enlightened absolutists monarchs Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.

Deductive reasoning

Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation

private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats

Johannes Kepler

Tenaments a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities

Natural rights

Developed inductive reasoning

Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence

Nicolaus Copernicus Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.

Galileo Galilei Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light

Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure

Philosophes French thinkers

Population increases in the 1700s Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away

Charter of towns 1792

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.

Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men

Galen

Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.

End this game?