Geocentric model of the universe
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Coffee Houses
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Denis Diderot
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
Galileo Galilei
Neoclassicism
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Thomas Hobbes
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Atheism
Inductive reasoning
Using specific observations to create general principles
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Voltaire
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Enlightenment thinkers applied new methods of reasoning to politics, and human institutions
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Contagious Diseases Act
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Galen
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
William Harvey
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Philosophes
French thinkers
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
Francis Bacon
Nicolaus Copernicus
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
Johannes Kepler
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Salon
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Urbanization
Enlightenment views of religion
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
