Voltaire
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Popes response to galieleo
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
The enlightenment
Population increases in the 1700s
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
John Locke
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Coffee Houses
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
Charter of towns 1792
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Deism
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Natural rights
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Francis Bacon
Developed inductive reasoning
Mary Wollstonecraft
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
Tenaments
Neoclassicism
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Using specific observations to create general principles
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Consumer Revolution
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Enlightenment views of religion
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Enlightened Absolutism
Humoral theory of the body
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Contagious Diseases Act
