Mary WollstonecraftEnglish writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Frozen!
Frozen!
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Enlightenment views of religionOverall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Atheism
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
Francis BaconDeveloped inductive reasoning
Natural rightsThe idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Coffee Houses
Reading RevolutionThe transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Adam Smith, The Wealth of NationsAttacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
The enlightenment
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Salon
Nicolaus Copernicus
UrbanizationThanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Deductive reasoning
Voltaire
Humoral theory of the bodyThe body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
DeismVoltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Inductive reasoningUsing specific observations to create general principles
GalenAncient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
Consumer RevolutionMiddle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Johannes KeplerAffirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
Boost!
Boost!
Enlightened absolutists monarchsFrederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
ParacelsusRejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
John LockeArgued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
AtheismDiderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Inductive reasoning
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Frozen!
Frozen!
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Social ContractA voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Nicolaus CopernicusChallenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
Frozen!
Frozen!
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited booksThese new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Salonprivate drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Tenaments
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Humoral theory of the bodyThe body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Boost!
Boost!
DeismVoltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Jean-Jacques RousseauA French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
Geocentric model of the universeEvery body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Enlightened Absolutisma system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Francis Bacon
Boost!
Boost!
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Denis DiderotCollaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
Enlightened absolutists monarchsFrederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.