Francis Bacon
Developed inductive reasoning
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Population increases in the 1700s
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
Paracelsus
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Neoclassicism
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
Atheism
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Galen
Voltaire
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
Denis Diderot
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
Thomas Hobbes
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
Humoral theory of the body
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
Salon
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Urbanization
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Johannes Kepler
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
Scientific method
Philosophes
French thinkers
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Enlightenment views of religion
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
The enlightenment
