Coffee Houses
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
Consumer Revolution
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
Contagious Diseases Act
Population increases in the 1700s
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
Humoral theory of the body
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
Atheism
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
Galileo Galilei
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
Scientific method
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
French thinkers
Galen
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
Geocentric model of the universe
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
Tenaments
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
Deism
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
Deductive reasoning
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
Enlightened Absolutism
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Natural rights
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
Urbanization
Thomas Hobbes
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
Denis Diderot
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
