Industrialization struggled to take root in places like Portugal, Spain, Southern Italy, and Greece because they lacked large deposits of coal and iron. And spain was devastated after the peninsular war and lacked a stable government. Plus elites have more government control and they didn’t like industrialization
October Manifesto (1905)
Tzar Alexander 3rd had his finance minister Sergei Witte to draft some reforms. Universal suffrage for men, citizenship for all Russians, freedom of speech, and legislative reform, but tzar retained veto power
Made the production of textiles exponentially cheaper.
Liberalism
Edmund Burke
Anarchism
Teaches that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation
Non-industrialized nations in the 1800s
2nd wave of industrialization
Between 1870 and 1914, a second wave of industrialization spread throughout
Europe. Main building material became steel instead of iron, and the main fuel source became gasoline and electricity rather than coal and steam.
Temerance Movement
Women led movement that aimed to ban the manufacture and sale of alcohol
Quentin canal
Napoleon built a canal that connected Paris to iron and coal fields in the north
Sunday School Movement
Women led movement that pushed for education for working class children
Railroads increased commerce by linking distant parts of a state into a national economy and railroads also facilitated more people moving from the country into cities as well
Britain held an international exhibition to showcase their industrial might and greatness.
Public Health movement
Sought to remedy the high disease and mortality rate that occurred in British cities. People sought to sanitize cities by creating sewage systems and cleaning up the environment
Utilitarianism
Argues that actions should be judged based on whether ther increase the happiness of those affected by the action
1800s-1900s social reforms
German Social Democratic Party
General German Workers Association aimed to transform the capitalist system of private ownership of the means of production to social ownership of the means of production
Communist Manifesto
With the introduction of the steam engine, water power was no longer necessary and factories could be built anywhere.
War of Greece independence
Greece was under the control of the very conservative ottomans. From 1821 to 1831, the Greeks engage in a series of rebellions. The ottomans initially helped but with the help of France, russia, and Britain (who wanted to weaken the ottomans) Greece won its independence in 1832
For all three of these revolutions of 1848, liberal reforms were demanded but conservative forces crushed those demands. Many of these governments reacted by becoming even more conservative
Conservatism
Political belief that argues governments are most stable when they uphold traditional and established norms and cultural institutions. Also says that humans are flawed and untrustworthy. Became popular because of the French Revolution
Prussian revolution of 1848
Restricted the total number of working hours for children under 13. Families ignored it because they really needed the money
Nobility’s opposition to industrialization
They opposed industrialization because they would loose workers as they left for cities.
Age of Metternich
He ran the conference of Vienna, which had several goals. Make sure France could not become an aggressor, restore the balance of power, install legitimate government in conquered territories.
Conspicuous consumption
The middle class began buying things to show off
Klemens von Metternich
In 1846, parliament repealed the corn laws which levied steep tariffs on imported grain. This lowered food prices and less people were needed to farm so they moved to cities.
Educational reforms
