Concert of Europe
Metternich’s plan to impose conservatism on the entire European continent for stability. Argued for the need for organized religion, upheld the rights of the nobility and kept the balance of power. Led to a decades-long (100 years) period of peace.
Nobility’s opposition to industrialization
They opposed industrialization because they would loose workers as they left for cities.
He ran the conference of Vienna, which had several goals. Make sure France could not become an aggressor, restore the balance of power, install legitimate government in conquered territories.
Steam engine
Great exhibition
The July revolution in France
People rebelled against King Charles 10th who wanted to bring back France’s pre-revolution structures. In 1830 he cracked down on freedom of the press and voting rights which prompted a 3 day insurrection and Charles the 10th fled and was replaced by King Louis Phillipe who was just as conservative.
Industrialization in southern and eastern europe
Russia and the Habsburg Empire still practiced primitive agriculture which sometimes led to massive and deadly famines
Set the political tone for all of Europe (age of Metternich). Believed that only powerful central governments would bring order to the various states of Europe.
Spinning jenny
Anarchism
Joseph de Maistre
A French conservative that initially supported the revolution, but he opposed it because of the violence and the attitudes towards religion. He opposed the secularization of France. He said authority should be rooted in religious and moral principles and wanted the monarchy back.
Greece was under the control of the very conservative ottomans. From 1821 to 1831, the Greeks engage in a series of rebellions. The ottomans initially helped but with the help of France, russia, and Britain (who wanted to weaken the ottomans) Greece won its independence in 1832
Irish potato famine
Ten hours act
Restricted the total number of working hours for children under 13. Families ignored it because they really needed the money
Social effects of Industrial Revolution
Mass-based political parties
Newcomen steam engine
Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production.
Marx was deeply distressed at the injustice of a society in which there was such a large gap between the rich and the poor classes. Communism!
Impacts of railroads
Railroads increased commerce by linking distant parts of a state into a national economy and railroads also facilitated more people moving from the country into cities as well
Middle class leisure culture
Middle class needed places to relax and spend their time, while their workers were working. New parks, theaters, and sporting events
2nd wave of industrialization
Between 1870 and 1914, a second wave of industrialization spread throughout
Europe. Main building material became steel instead of iron, and the main fuel source became gasoline and electricity rather than coal and steam.
Vulcanization
Made rubber harder and more durable
Reasons for industrialization in Britain
Public Health movement
Sought to remedy the high disease and mortality rate that occurred in British cities. People sought to sanitize cities by creating sewage systems and cleaning up the environment
Tzar Alexander 2nd's reforms
Distressed at Russias defeat in the Crimean war (lost because he sent untrained serfs to their slaughter and triggered a peasant revolt). To end the rebellion, he enacted potent liberal reforms. Emancipated the serfs, created independent courts, and modernized Russia's military by industrializing. He was assassinated because he angered the nobility
Provisional governments new constitution
New constitution created a strong executive. Napoleon's nephew was elected and became France's first president. He gained power and eventually was crowned emperor Napoleon III in 1870
Utilitarianism
Argues that actions should be judged based on whether ther increase the happiness of those affected by the action
Russians appreciated a better economy, but many were still living in absolute poverty under an authoritarian tzar. Peasant uprisings, the nobles lack of power, and lack of industrialization led to revolution. The people demanded a more liberal government which then led to the October manifesto
Sunday School Movement
Women led movement that pushed for education for working class children
