Klemens von Metternich
Set the political tone for all of Europe (age of Metternich). Believed that only powerful central governments would bring order to the various states of Europe.
Conservatism
Political belief that argues governments are most stable when they uphold traditional and established norms and cultural institutions. Also says that humans are flawed and untrustworthy. Became popular because of the French Revolution
Social effects of Industrial Revolution
Industrialization led to the development of self-conscious classes because there was a very clear division of labor. Overcrowding in tenements lead to the spread of diseases.
Temerance Movement
Women led movement that aimed to ban the manufacture and sale of alcohol
1800s-1900s social reforms
Marx was deeply distressed at the injustice of a society in which there was such a large gap between the rich and the poor classes. Communism!
Second wave of industrialization technologies
Telegraph, telephone, vulcanization, new railroads
With the introduction of the steam engine, water power was no longer necessary and factories could be built anywhere.
Edmund Burke
British conservative that argued that authority and hierarchy was part of the natural order of the universe and if those are in place, everything is chill. Didn’t think people were capable of governing themselves.
Inspired by the French revolutions, the people began demanding more liberal reforms as well. Constructional reforms and voting rights, but most of all, the unification of Germany. As they protested, Prussian king Frederick William 4th agreed to give them a new constitution and to merge Prussia into a unified German state. But while he was negotiating, the king sent troops to end the protests and the revolution failed.
Cult of domesticity
October Manifesto (1905)
Socialism
An ideology that calls for the redistribution of society's wealth and resources. Reaction to inequality in the Industrial Revolution
Mass-based political parties
As European countries extended the right to vote to more and more people, political parties had to appeal to more people to win. For example, liberals and conservatives had to incorporate more reforms because a lot of people wanted them.
Vulcanization
Potatoes were a staple food in Ireland. When a virus killed the potatoes, millions of the Irish poor died of starvation. Highlighted the importance of industrializing.
Public Health movement
Industrialization
Transition from agrarian economies to economies based on the manufacture of goods. Done in factories with specialization
German unification
Revolutions of 1848
For all three of these revolutions of 1848, liberal reforms were demanded but conservative forces crushed those demands. Many of these governments reacted by becoming even more conservative
Middle class leisure culture
Middle class needed places to relax and spend their time, while their workers were working. New parks, theaters, and sporting events
2nd wave of industrialization
Between 1870 and 1914, a second wave of industrialization spread throughout
Europe. Main building material became steel instead of iron, and the main fuel source became gasoline and electricity rather than coal and steam.
Utilitarianism
Argues that actions should be judged based on whether ther increase the happiness of those affected by the action
Russian conservatism in the late 1800s
The tzar claimed divine right to rule, used secret police to crush dissent, and upheld surfdom.
Companionate marriage
The middle class was wealthy enough that they began marrying for love, rather than economic reasons.
Russians appreciated a better economy, but many were still living in absolute poverty under an authoritarian tzar. Peasant uprisings, the nobles lack of power, and lack of industrialization led to revolution. The people demanded a more liberal government which then led to the October manifesto
Spinning jenny
Anarchism
Teaches that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation
Bessemer process
Conspicuous consumption
The middle class began buying things to show off
