Companionate marriage
The middle class was wealthy enough that they began marrying for love, rather than economic reasons.
Social effects of Industrial Revolution
Industrialization led to the development of self-conscious classes because there was a very clear division of labor. Overcrowding in tenements lead to the spread of diseases.
Communist Manifesto
Impacts of railroads
Railroads increased commerce by linking distant parts of a state into a national economy and railroads also facilitated more people moving from the country into cities as well
Concert of Europe
Metternich’s plan to impose conservatism on the entire European continent for stability. Argued for the need for organized religion, upheld the rights of the nobility and kept the balance of power. Led to a decades-long (100 years) period of peace.
Factory act
Mandated that a child under the age of 9 could not work in a factory, set maximum working hours for children, and mandated a minimum of 2 hours of school per day. Families falsified documents and bypassed the laws anyway
Inspired by the French revolutions, the people began demanding more liberal reforms as well. Constructional reforms and voting rights, but most of all, the unification of Germany. As they protested, Prussian king Frederick William 4th agreed to give them a new constitution and to merge Prussia into a unified German state. But while he was negotiating, the king sent troops to end the protests and the revolution failed.
Sunday School Movement
Women led movement that pushed for education for working class children
Sergei Witte
In 1846, parliament repealed the corn laws which levied steep tariffs on imported grain. This lowered food prices and less people were needed to farm so they moved to cities.
Tzar Alexander 2nd's reforms
Distressed at Russias defeat in the Crimean war (lost because he sent untrained serfs to their slaughter and triggered a peasant revolt). To end the rebellion, he enacted potent liberal reforms. Emancipated the serfs, created independent courts, and modernized Russia's military by industrializing. He was assassinated because he angered the nobility
Educational reforms
French industrialization
Industrialization took hold in France much later than Britain because of its relative lack of coal and iron deposits.
Ten hours act
Restricted the total number of working hours for children under 13. Families ignored it because they really needed the money
Steam engine
With the introduction of the steam engine, water power was no longer necessary and factories could be built anywhere.
Non-industrialized nations in the 1800s
Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production.
Quentin canal
Conspicuous consumption
Revolution of 1905 (Russia)
Russians appreciated a better economy, but many were still living in absolute poverty under an authoritarian tzar. Peasant uprisings, the nobles lack of power, and lack of industrialization led to revolution. The people demanded a more liberal government which then led to the October manifesto
Joseph de Maistre
A French conservative that initially supported the revolution, but he opposed it because of the violence and the attitudes towards religion. He opposed the secularization of France. He said authority should be rooted in religious and moral principles and wanted the monarchy back.
Klemens von Metternich
Set the political tone for all of Europe (age of Metternich). Believed that only powerful central governments would bring order to the various states of Europe.
Manchester
Socialism
An ideology that calls for the redistribution of society's wealth and resources. Reaction to inequality in the Industrial Revolution
Middle class needed places to relax and spend their time, while their workers were working. New parks, theaters, and sporting events
Edmund Burke
British conservative that argued that authority and hierarchy was part of the natural order of the universe and if those are in place, everything is chill. Didn’t think people were capable of governing themselves.
Industrialization in southern and eastern europe
Industrialization struggled to take root in places like Portugal, Spain, Southern Italy, and Greece because they lacked large deposits of coal and iron. And spain was devastated after the peninsular war and lacked a stable government. Plus elites have more government control and they didn’t like industrialization
Transition from agrarian economies to economies based on the manufacture of goods. Done in factories with specialization
Russian conservatism in the late 1800s
Public Health movement
Sought to remedy the high disease and mortality rate that occurred in British cities. People sought to sanitize cities by creating sewage systems and cleaning up the environment
