Unit 6 review (1815-1914) duel

Socialism An ideology that calls for the redistribution of society's wealth and resources. Reaction to inequality in the Industrial Revolution

German Social Democratic Party General German Workers Association aimed to transform the capitalist system of private ownership of the means of production to social ownership of the means of production

A philosophy that emphasizes limited government and the rights of the individual. Popular sovereignty

Newcomen steam engine Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production.

Manchester

Irish potato famine Potatoes were a staple food in Ireland. When a virus killed the potatoes, millions of the Irish poor died of starvation. Highlighted the importance of industrializing.

Revolutions of 1848 in France Many people began demanding more liberal reforms of king phillipe. When there was a bread shortage, people flooded the streets of Paris. The king responded with military force, killing about 50 of them. The protesters built barricades to defend themselves. The protests forced Louis Philippe to abdicate. A provisional government restored the French Republic.

Middle class needed places to relax and spend their time, while their workers were working. New parks, theaters, and sporting events

Spinning jenny Made the production of textiles exponentially cheaper.

Provisional governments new constitution

Sunday School Movement Women led movement that pushed for education for working class children

Public Health movement

Mandated that a child under the age of 9 could not work in a factory, set maximum working hours for children, and mandated a minimum of 2 hours of school per day. Families falsified documents and bypassed the laws anyway

Educational reforms Between 1870 and 1914, the majority of European governments passed compulsory education laws to get boys and girls between the ages of 6-12 into School to give kids who couldn't work something to do and wanted to unify the population and create economic growth.

Russia and the Habsburg Empire still practiced primitive agriculture which sometimes led to massive and deadly famines

Industrialization led to the development of self-conscious classes because there was a very clear division of labor. Overcrowding in tenements lead to the spread of diseases.

Temerance Movement Women led movement that aimed to ban the manufacture and sale of alcohol

Klemens von Metternich

Communist Manifesto Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. History obeys laws, moves through patterns and stages until it reaches its ultimate goal. Driving force of history was class structure

Made rubber harder and more durable

2nd wave of industrialization

Scientific socialism

Russian conservatism in the late 1800s

The July revolution in France People rebelled against King Charles 10th who wanted to bring back France’s pre-revolution structures. In 1830 he cracked down on freedom of the press and voting rights which prompted a 3 day insurrection and Charles the 10th fled and was replaced by King Louis Phillipe who was just as conservative.

Ten hours act Restricted the total number of working hours for children under 13. Families ignored it because they really needed the money

Impacts of railroads

Sergei Witte Tzar Alexander 3rd's finance minister who modernized Russias economy by enacting protective tariffs and placed Russia's currency on the gold standard

Zollverein agreement

Austria passes the Carlsbad decrees

Industrialization took hold in France much later than Britain because of its relative lack of coal and iron deposits.

Tzar Alexander 3rd had his finance minister Sergei Witte to draft some reforms. Universal suffrage for men, citizenship for all Russians, freedom of speech, and legislative reform, but tzar retained veto power

With the introduction of the steam engine, water power was no longer necessary and factories could be built anywhere.

As European countries extended the right to vote to more and more people, political parties had to appeal to more people to win. For example, liberals and conservatives had to incorporate more reforms because a lot of people wanted them.

Impacts of railroads Railroads increased commerce by linking distant parts of a state into a national economy and railroads also facilitated more people moving from the country into cities as well

Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production.

Revolutions of 1848

German unification Thanks to industrialization, Prussia became the most powerful German state thanks to its coal and iron deposits and state funded efforts to build things like railways. They also created the Zollverein agreement. This led to a unified Germany under Prussian leadership in 1871.

French industrialization

Austria passes the Carlsbad decrees

Irish potato famine

The tzar claimed divine right to rule, used secret police to crush dissent, and upheld surfdom.

Marx was deeply distressed at the injustice of a society in which there was such a large gap between the rich and the poor classes. Communism!

Tzar Alexander 2nd's reforms Distressed at Russias defeat in the Crimean war (lost because he sent untrained serfs to their slaughter and triggered a peasant revolt). To end the rebellion, he enacted potent liberal reforms. Emancipated the serfs, created independent courts, and modernized Russia's military by industrializing. He was assassinated because he angered the nobility

Russia and the Habsburg Empire still practiced primitive agriculture which sometimes led to massive and deadly famines

Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. History obeys laws, moves through patterns and stages until it reaches its ultimate goal. Driving force of history was class structure

Between 1870 and 1914, a second wave of industrialization spread throughout Europe. Main building material became steel instead of iron, and the main fuel source became gasoline and electricity rather than coal and steam.

Provisional governments new constitution New constitution created a strong executive. Napoleon's nephew was elected and became France's first president. He gained power and eventually was crowned emperor Napoleon III in 1870

Women led movement that aimed to ban the manufacture and sale of alcohol

Raw materials (colonial empire), excellent transportation system via canals and rivers and later railroads, rise of capitalism, incentives for inventors (government rewards for new inventions), favorable government policies

Middle class leisure culture Middle class needed places to relax and spend their time, while their workers were working. New parks, theaters, and sporting events

Conspicuous consumption

Britain held an international exhibition to showcase their industrial might and greatness.

Vulcanization Made rubber harder and more durable

War of Greece independence

Quentin canal

Concert of Europe Metternich’s plan to impose conservatism on the entire European continent for stability. Argued for the need for organized religion, upheld the rights of the nobility and kept the balance of power. Led to a decades-long (100 years) period of peace.

Anarchism

Klemens von Metternich Set the political tone for all of Europe (age of Metternich). Believed that only powerful central governments would bring order to the various states of Europe.

Argues that actions should be judged based on whether ther increase the happiness of those affected by the action

Socialism An ideology that calls for the redistribution of society's wealth and resources. Reaction to inequality in the Industrial Revolution

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