Joseph de Maistre
A French conservative that initially supported the revolution, but he opposed it because of the violence and the attitudes towards religion. He opposed the secularization of France. He said authority should be rooted in religious and moral principles and wanted the monarchy back.
Austria passes the Carlsbad decrees
Worked to suppress liberal and nationalist movements in the German states. Outlawed nationalist organizations, forcibly dissolved student organizations, and removed liberal college professors.
Cult of domesticity
The middle class had rigidly defined gender roles. The men worked in the city or at their factory, and women and children stayed home and made him sandwiches 🥪
Klemens von Metternich
Set the political tone for all of Europe (age of Metternich). Believed that only powerful central governments would bring order to the various states of Europe.
Communist Manifesto
The July revolution in France
Irish potato famine
Steam engine
He ran the conference of Vienna, which had several goals. Make sure France could not become an aggressor, restore the balance of power, install legitimate government in conquered territories.
Many people began demanding more liberal reforms of king phillipe. When there was a bread shortage, people flooded the streets of Paris. The king responded with military force, killing about 50 of them. The protesters built barricades to defend themselves. The protests forced Louis Philippe to abdicate. A provisional government restored the French Republic.
Mass-based political parties
As European countries extended the right to vote to more and more people, political parties had to appeal to more people to win. For example, liberals and conservatives had to incorporate more reforms because a lot of people wanted them.
Sunday School Movement
Women led movement that pushed for education for working class children
Russians appreciated a better economy, but many were still living in absolute poverty under an authoritarian tzar. Peasant uprisings, the nobles lack of power, and lack of industrialization led to revolution. The people demanded a more liberal government which then led to the October manifesto
Newcomen steam engine
Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production.
French industrialization
Made the production of textiles exponentially cheaper.
Mandated that a child under the age of 9 could not work in a factory, set maximum working hours for children, and mandated a minimum of 2 hours of school per day. Families falsified documents and bypassed the laws anyway
General German Workers Association aimed to transform the capitalist system of private ownership of the means of production to social ownership of the means of production
Socialism
An ideology that calls for the redistribution of society's wealth and resources. Reaction to inequality in the Industrial Revolution
Between 1870 and 1914, a second wave of industrialization spread throughout
Europe. Main building material became steel instead of iron, and the main fuel source became gasoline and electricity rather than coal and steam.
New constitution created a strong executive. Napoleon's nephew was elected and became France's first president. He gained power and eventually was crowned emperor Napoleon III in 1870
The middle class was wealthy enough that they began marrying for love, rather than economic reasons.
Non-industrialized nations in the 1800s
Russia and the Habsburg Empire still practiced primitive agriculture which sometimes led to massive and deadly famines
Second wave of industrialization technologies
Inspired by the French revolutions, the people began demanding more liberal reforms as well. Constructional reforms and voting rights, but most of all, the unification of Germany. As they protested, Prussian king Frederick William 4th agreed to give them a new constitution and to merge Prussia into a unified German state. But while he was negotiating, the king sent troops to end the protests and the revolution failed.
Public Health movement
Zollverein agreement
Sergei Witte
Tzar Alexander 3rd's finance minister who modernized Russias economy by enacting protective tariffs and placed Russia's currency on the gold standard
War of Greece independence
Greece was under the control of the very conservative ottomans. From 1821 to 1831, the Greeks engage in a series of rebellions. The ottomans initially helped but with the help of France, russia, and Britain (who wanted to weaken the ottomans) Greece won its independence in 1832
Conservatism
Political belief that argues governments are most stable when they uphold traditional and established norms and cultural institutions. Also says that humans are flawed and untrustworthy. Became popular because of the French Revolution
