October Manifesto (1905)
Tzar Alexander 3rd had his finance minister Sergei Witte to draft some reforms. Universal suffrage for men, citizenship for all Russians, freedom of speech, and legislative reform, but tzar retained veto power
Factory act
Communist Manifesto
Quentin canal
Napoleon built a canal that connected Paris to iron and coal fields in the north
Impacts of railroads
Railroads increased commerce by linking distant parts of a state into a national economy and railroads also facilitated more people moving from the country into cities as well
Prussian revolution of 1848
Inspired by the French revolutions, the people began demanding more liberal reforms as well. Constructional reforms and voting rights, but most of all, the unification of Germany. As they protested, Prussian king Frederick William 4th agreed to give them a new constitution and to merge Prussia into a unified German state. But while he was negotiating, the king sent troops to end the protests and the revolution failed.
Political belief that argues governments are most stable when they uphold traditional and established norms and cultural institutions. Also says that humans are flawed and untrustworthy. Became popular because of the French Revolution
Parliament repealed the corn laws
In 1846, parliament repealed the corn laws which levied steep tariffs on imported grain. This lowered food prices and less people were needed to farm so they moved to cities.
Russia and the Habsburg Empire still practiced primitive agriculture which sometimes led to massive and deadly famines
Restricted the total number of working hours for children under 13. Families ignored it because they really needed the money
Concert of Europe
Transition from agrarian economies to economies based on the manufacture of goods. Done in factories with specialization
Women led movement that aimed to ban the manufacture and sale of alcohol
Great exhibition
Britain held an international exhibition to showcase their industrial might and greatness.
Vulcanization
Made rubber harder and more durable
Distressed at Russias defeat in the Crimean war (lost because he sent untrained serfs to their slaughter and triggered a peasant revolt). To end the rebellion, he enacted potent liberal reforms. Emancipated the serfs, created independent courts, and modernized Russia's military by industrializing. He was assassinated because he angered the nobility
Industrialization in southern and eastern europe
Industrialization struggled to take root in places like Portugal, Spain, Southern Italy, and Greece because they lacked large deposits of coal and iron. And spain was devastated after the peninsular war and lacked a stable government. Plus elites have more government control and they didn’t like industrialization
Utilitarianism
Argues that actions should be judged based on whether ther increase the happiness of those affected by the action
Provisional governments new constitution
Spinning jenny
Made the production of textiles exponentially cheaper.
German unification
Thanks to industrialization, Prussia became the most powerful German state thanks to its coal and iron deposits and state funded efforts to build things like railways. They also created the Zollverein agreement. This led to a unified Germany under Prussian leadership in 1871.
An ideology that calls for the redistribution of society's wealth and resources. Reaction to inequality in the Industrial Revolution
Edmund Burke
British conservative that argued that authority and hierarchy was part of the natural order of the universe and if those are in place, everything is chill. Didn’t think people were capable of governing themselves.
Nobility’s opposition to industrialization
They opposed industrialization because they would loose workers as they left for cities.
Klemens von Metternich
Liberalism
A philosophy that emphasizes limited government and the rights of the individual. Popular sovereignty
Joseph de Maistre
Revolution of 1905 (Russia)
Russians appreciated a better economy, but many were still living in absolute poverty under an authoritarian tzar. Peasant uprisings, the nobles lack of power, and lack of industrialization led to revolution. The people demanded a more liberal government which then led to the October manifesto
Revolutions of 1848
For all three of these revolutions of 1848, liberal reforms were demanded but conservative forces crushed those demands. Many of these governments reacted by becoming even more conservative
Public Health movement
Sought to remedy the high disease and mortality rate that occurred in British cities. People sought to sanitize cities by creating sewage systems and cleaning up the environment
