Parliament repealed the corn laws In 1846, parliament repealed the corn laws which levied steep tariffs on imported grain. This lowered food prices and less people were needed to farm so they moved to cities.
Frozen!
Frozen!
Marx was deeply distressed at the injustice of a society in which there was such a large gap between the rich and the poor classes. Communism!
October Manifesto (1905)
Quentin canal Napoleon built a canal that connected Paris to iron and coal fields in the north
Frozen!
Frozen!
Social effects of Industrial Revolution
Ten hours act Restricted the total number of working hours for children under 13. Families ignored it because they really needed the money
Manchester Became one of the worlds most industrialized cities. 1st industrial park (place dedicated to factories). Led to a lot of pollution and other problems.
The middle class began buying things to show off
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Boost!
Industrialization Transition from agrarian economies to economies based on the manufacture of goods. Done in factories with specialization
Great exhibition Britain held an international exhibition to showcase their industrial might and greatness.
1800s-1900s social reforms
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Revolutions of 1848 in France Many people began demanding more liberal reforms of king phillipe. When there was a bread shortage, people flooded the streets of Paris. The king responded with military force, killing about 50 of them. The protesters built barricades to defend themselves. The protests forced Louis Philippe to abdicate. A provisional government restored the French Republic.
Austria passes the Carlsbad decrees Worked to suppress liberal and nationalist movements in the German states. Outlawed nationalist organizations, forcibly dissolved student organizations, and removed liberal college professors.
Women led movement that pushed for education for working class children
Russia and the Habsburg Empire still practiced primitive agriculture which sometimes led to massive and deadly famines
Second wave of industrialization technologies
Industrialization in southern and eastern europe Industrialization struggled to take root in places like Portugal, Spain, Southern Italy, and Greece because they lacked large deposits of coal and iron. And spain was devastated after the peninsular war and lacked a stable government. Plus elites have more government control and they didn’t like industrialization
Allowed steel to be mass-produced. And it was stronger and more resistant to rust.
Mass-based political parties
Railroads increased commerce by linking distant parts of a state into a national economy and railroads also facilitated more people moving from the country into cities as well
Spinning jenny Made the production of textiles exponentially cheaper.
Companionate marriage The middle class was wealthy enough that they began marrying for love, rather than economic reasons.
War of Greece independence Greece was under the control of the very conservative ottomans. From 1821 to 1831, the Greeks engage in a series of rebellions. The ottomans initially helped but with the help of France, russia, and Britain (who wanted to weaken the ottomans) Greece won its independence in 1832
Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production.
Communist Manifesto
Conservatism Political belief that argues governments are most stable when they uphold traditional and established norms and cultural institutions. Also says that humans are flawed and untrustworthy. Became popular because of the French Revolution
Joseph de Maistre A French conservative that initially supported the revolution, but he opposed it because of the violence and the attitudes towards religion. He opposed the secularization of France. He said authority should be rooted in religious and moral principles and wanted the monarchy back.
The July revolution in France People rebelled against King Charles 10th who wanted to bring back France’s pre-revolution structures. In 1830 he cracked down on freedom of the press and voting rights which prompted a 3 day insurrection and Charles the 10th fled and was replaced by King Louis Phillipe who was just as conservative.
Sergei Witte Tzar Alexander 3rd's finance minister who modernized Russias economy by enacting protective tariffs and placed Russia's currency on the gold standard
Steam engine
Conservatism Political belief that argues governments are most stable when they uphold traditional and established norms and cultural institutions. Also says that humans are flawed and untrustworthy. Became popular because of the French Revolution
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Frozen!
Set the political tone for all of Europe (age of Metternich). Believed that only powerful central governments would bring order to the various states of Europe.
Liberalism
A French conservative that initially supported the revolution, but he opposed it because of the violence and the attitudes towards religion. He opposed the secularization of France. He said authority should be rooted in religious and moral principles and wanted the monarchy back.
Age of Metternich He ran the conference of Vienna, which had several goals. Make sure France could not become an aggressor, restore the balance of power, install legitimate government in conquered territories.
Nobility’s opposition to industrialization They opposed industrialization because they would loose workers as they left for cities.
Anarchism Teaches that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation
Scientific socialism Marx was deeply distressed at the injustice of a society in which there was such a large gap between the rich and the poor classes. Communism!
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Boost!
Austria passes the Carlsbad decrees Worked to suppress liberal and nationalist movements in the German states. Outlawed nationalist organizations, forcibly dissolved student organizations, and removed liberal college professors.
Reasons for industrialization in Britain Raw materials (colonial empire), excellent transportation system via canals and rivers and later railroads, rise of capitalism, incentives for inventors (government rewards for new inventions), favorable government policies
Conspicuous consumption
2nd wave of industrialization
Parliament repealed the corn laws In 1846, parliament repealed the corn laws which levied steep tariffs on imported grain. This lowered food prices and less people were needed to farm so they moved to cities.
Manchester
German unification Thanks to industrialization, Prussia became the most powerful German state thanks to its coal and iron deposits and state funded efforts to build things like railways. They also created the Zollverein agreement. This led to a unified Germany under Prussian leadership in 1871.
Socialism An ideology that calls for the redistribution of society's wealth and resources. Reaction to inequality in the Industrial Revolution
Spinning jenny Made the production of textiles exponentially cheaper.
1800s-1900s social reforms These reforms were led by governments
Concert of Europe Metternich’s plan to impose conservatism on the entire European continent for stability. Argued for the need for organized religion, upheld the rights of the nobility and kept the balance of power. Led to a decades-long (100 years) period of peace.
Bessemer process Allowed steel to be mass-produced. And it was stronger and more resistant to rust.
French industrialization Industrialization took hold in France much later than Britain because of its relative lack of coal and iron deposits.
Factory act Mandated that a child under the age of 9 could not work in a factory, set maximum working hours for children, and mandated a minimum of 2 hours of school per day. Families falsified documents and bypassed the laws anyway
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Boost!
Industrialization in southern and eastern europe
Tzar Alexander 2nd's reforms Distressed at Russias defeat in the Crimean war (lost because he sent untrained serfs to their slaughter and triggered a peasant revolt). To end the rebellion, he enacted potent liberal reforms. Emancipated the serfs, created independent courts, and modernized Russia's military by industrializing. He was assassinated because he angered the nobility
Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production.
Prussian revolution of 1848 Inspired by the French revolutions, the people began demanding more liberal reforms as well. Constructional reforms and voting rights, but most of all, the unification of Germany. As they protested, Prussian king Frederick William 4th agreed to give them a new constitution and to merge Prussia into a unified German state. But while he was negotiating, the king sent troops to end the protests and the revolution failed.
Edmund Burke British conservative that argued that authority and hierarchy was part of the natural order of the universe and if those are in place, everything is chill. Didn’t think people were capable of governing themselves.
Second wave of industrialization technologies Telegraph, telephone, vulcanization, new railroads
Frozen!
Frozen!
Non-industrialized nations in the 1800s
Industrialization Transition from agrarian economies to economies based on the manufacture of goods. Done in factories with specialization
Incorrect!
Incorrect!
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