Klemens von Metternich
Second wave of industrialization technologies
Telegraph, telephone, vulcanization, new railroads
Bessemer process
Allowed steel to be mass-produced. And it was stronger and more resistant to rust.
Reasons for industrialization in Britain
Raw materials (colonial empire), excellent transportation system via canals and rivers and later railroads, rise of capitalism, incentives for inventors (government rewards for new inventions), favorable government policies
Conspicuous consumption
The middle class began buying things to show off
Socialism
An ideology that calls for the redistribution of society's wealth and resources. Reaction to inequality in the Industrial Revolution
Revolutions of 1848
For all three of these revolutions of 1848, liberal reforms were demanded but conservative forces crushed those demands. Many of these governments reacted by becoming even more conservative
Sergei Witte
Social effects of Industrial Revolution
Industrialization led to the development of self-conscious classes because there was a very clear division of labor. Overcrowding in tenements lead to the spread of diseases.
Sought to remedy the high disease and mortality rate that occurred in British cities. People sought to sanitize cities by creating sewage systems and cleaning up the environment
He ran the conference of Vienna, which had several goals. Make sure France could not become an aggressor, restore the balance of power, install legitimate government in conquered territories.
Austria passes the Carlsbad decrees
Industrialization struggled to take root in places like Portugal, Spain, Southern Italy, and Greece because they lacked large deposits of coal and iron. And spain was devastated after the peninsular war and lacked a stable government. Plus elites have more government control and they didn’t like industrialization
Potatoes were a staple food in Ireland. When a virus killed the potatoes, millions of the Irish poor died of starvation. Highlighted the importance of industrializing.
Mass-based political parties
Utilitarianism
Argues that actions should be judged based on whether ther increase the happiness of those affected by the action
Provisional governments new constitution
German Social Democratic Party
General German Workers Association aimed to transform the capitalist system of private ownership of the means of production to social ownership of the means of production
Spinning jenny
A philosophy that emphasizes limited government and the rights of the individual. Popular sovereignty
Revolution of 1905 (Russia)
Russians appreciated a better economy, but many were still living in absolute poverty under an authoritarian tzar. Peasant uprisings, the nobles lack of power, and lack of industrialization led to revolution. The people demanded a more liberal government which then led to the October manifesto
Temerance Movement
Cult of domesticity
Middle class leisure culture
Newcomen steam engine
Mandated that a child under the age of 9 could not work in a factory, set maximum working hours for children, and mandated a minimum of 2 hours of school per day. Families falsified documents and bypassed the laws anyway
With the introduction of the steam engine, water power was no longer necessary and factories could be built anywhere.
1800s-1900s social reforms
Russian conservatism in the late 1800s
The tzar claimed divine right to rule, used secret police to crush dissent, and upheld surfdom.
The July revolution in France
