Second wave of industrialization technologies
Telegraph, telephone, vulcanization, new railroads
The tzar claimed divine right to rule, used secret police to crush dissent, and upheld surfdom.
Joseph de Maistre
A French conservative that initially supported the revolution, but he opposed it because of the violence and the attitudes towards religion. He opposed the secularization of France. He said authority should be rooted in religious and moral principles and wanted the monarchy back.
German Social Democratic Party
Communist Manifesto
Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. History obeys laws, moves through patterns and stages until it reaches its ultimate goal. Driving force of history was class structure
Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production.
Became one of the worlds most industrialized cities. 1st industrial park (place dedicated to factories). Led to a lot of pollution and other problems.
Revolution of 1905 (Russia)
Russians appreciated a better economy, but many were still living in absolute poverty under an authoritarian tzar. Peasant uprisings, the nobles lack of power, and lack of industrialization led to revolution. The people demanded a more liberal government which then led to the October manifesto
Teaches that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation
Concert of Europe
Metternich’s plan to impose conservatism on the entire European continent for stability. Argued for the need for organized religion, upheld the rights of the nobility and kept the balance of power. Led to a decades-long (100 years) period of peace.
Scientific socialism
Marx was deeply distressed at the injustice of a society in which there was such a large gap between the rich and the poor classes. Communism!
With the introduction of the steam engine, water power was no longer necessary and factories could be built anywhere.
Public Health movement
Sought to remedy the high disease and mortality rate that occurred in British cities. People sought to sanitize cities by creating sewage systems and cleaning up the environment
Tzar Alexander 2nd's reforms
Distressed at Russias defeat in the Crimean war (lost because he sent untrained serfs to their slaughter and triggered a peasant revolt). To end the rebellion, he enacted potent liberal reforms. Emancipated the serfs, created independent courts, and modernized Russia's military by industrializing. He was assassinated because he angered the nobility
An ideology that calls for the redistribution of society's wealth and resources. Reaction to inequality in the Industrial Revolution
2nd wave of industrialization
Between 1870 and 1914, a second wave of industrialization spread throughout
Europe. Main building material became steel instead of iron, and the main fuel source became gasoline and electricity rather than coal and steam.
1800s-1900s social reforms
These reforms were led by governments
Parliament repealed the corn laws
In 1846, parliament repealed the corn laws which levied steep tariffs on imported grain. This lowered food prices and less people were needed to farm so they moved to cities.
Ten hours act
Restricted the total number of working hours for children under 13. Families ignored it because they really needed the money
Utilitarianism
Argues that actions should be judged based on whether ther increase the happiness of those affected by the action
Raw materials (colonial empire), excellent transportation system via canals and rivers and later railroads, rise of capitalism, incentives for inventors (government rewards for new inventions), favorable government policies
Potatoes were a staple food in Ireland. When a virus killed the potatoes, millions of the Irish poor died of starvation. Highlighted the importance of industrializing.
Conspicuous consumption
The middle class began buying things to show off
As European countries extended the right to vote to more and more people, political parties had to appeal to more people to win. For example, liberals and conservatives had to incorporate more reforms because a lot of people wanted them.
Railroads increased commerce by linking distant parts of a state into a national economy and railroads also facilitated more people moving from the country into cities as well
Great exhibition
Britain held an international exhibition to showcase their industrial might and greatness.
Educational reforms
Revolutions of 1848
Age of Metternich
He ran the conference of Vienna, which had several goals. Make sure France could not become an aggressor, restore the balance of power, install legitimate government in conquered territories.
Russia and the Habsburg Empire still practiced primitive agriculture which sometimes led to massive and deadly famines
