Russia and the Habsburg Empire still practiced primitive agriculture which sometimes led to massive and deadly famines
Liberalism
A philosophy that emphasizes limited government and the rights of the individual. Popular sovereignty
Conspicuous consumption
Distressed at Russias defeat in the Crimean war (lost because he sent untrained serfs to their slaughter and triggered a peasant revolt). To end the rebellion, he enacted potent liberal reforms. Emancipated the serfs, created independent courts, and modernized Russia's military by industrializing. He was assassinated because he angered the nobility
Second wave of industrialization technologies
Telegraph, telephone, vulcanization, new railroads
Parliament repealed the corn laws
In 1846, parliament repealed the corn laws which levied steep tariffs on imported grain. This lowered food prices and less people were needed to farm so they moved to cities.
Revolution of 1905 (Russia)
Russians appreciated a better economy, but many were still living in absolute poverty under an authoritarian tzar. Peasant uprisings, the nobles lack of power, and lack of industrialization led to revolution. The people demanded a more liberal government which then led to the October manifesto
Middle class needed places to relax and spend their time, while their workers were working. New parks, theaters, and sporting events
Bessemer process
Allowed steel to be mass-produced. And it was stronger and more resistant to rust.
Zollverein agreement
Customs union which put a huge tariff on trade beyond member states, and promoted free trade within those German states. Allowed the small German states to compete economically with large unified countries like Great Britain and France
Sergei Witte
Potatoes were a staple food in Ireland. When a virus killed the potatoes, millions of the Irish poor died of starvation. Highlighted the importance of industrializing.
2nd wave of industrialization
Newcomen steam engine
Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production.
Klemens von Metternich
Set the political tone for all of Europe (age of Metternich). Believed that only powerful central governments would bring order to the various states of Europe.
The middle class was wealthy enough that they began marrying for love, rather than economic reasons.
Revolutions of 1848
For all three of these revolutions of 1848, liberal reforms were demanded but conservative forces crushed those demands. Many of these governments reacted by becoming even more conservative
Industrialization took hold in France much later than Britain because of its relative lack of coal and iron deposits.
Industrialization
Transition from agrarian economies to economies based on the manufacture of goods. Done in factories with specialization
Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. History obeys laws, moves through patterns and stages until it reaches its ultimate goal. Driving force of history was class structure
Raw materials (colonial empire), excellent transportation system via canals and rivers and later railroads, rise of capitalism, incentives for inventors (government rewards for new inventions), favorable government policies
The July revolution in France
People rebelled against King Charles 10th who wanted to bring back France’s pre-revolution structures. In 1830 he cracked down on freedom of the press and voting rights which prompted a 3 day insurrection and Charles the 10th fled and was replaced by King Louis Phillipe who was just as conservative.
War of Greece independence
Ten hours act
Restricted the total number of working hours for children under 13. Families ignored it because they really needed the money
Argues that actions should be judged based on whether ther increase the happiness of those affected by the action
Quentin canal
Napoleon built a canal that connected Paris to iron and coal fields in the north
Cult of domesticity
Russian conservatism in the late 1800s
The tzar claimed divine right to rule, used secret police to crush dissent, and upheld surfdom.
Women led movement that pushed for education for working class children
Social effects of Industrial Revolution
Industrialization led to the development of self-conscious classes because there was a very clear division of labor. Overcrowding in tenements lead to the spread of diseases.
