Unit 6 review (1815-1914) duel

Factory act

Temerance Movement

Communist Manifesto Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. History obeys laws, moves through patterns and stages until it reaches its ultimate goal. Driving force of history was class structure

Edmund Burke British conservative that argued that authority and hierarchy was part of the natural order of the universe and if those are in place, everything is chill. Didn’t think people were capable of governing themselves.

Conspicuous consumption The middle class began buying things to show off

Public Health movement Sought to remedy the high disease and mortality rate that occurred in British cities. People sought to sanitize cities by creating sewage systems and cleaning up the environment

Klemens von Metternich Set the political tone for all of Europe (age of Metternich). Believed that only powerful central governments would bring order to the various states of Europe.

Revolutions of 1848 in France

Vulcanization

Reasons for industrialization in Britain Raw materials (colonial empire), excellent transportation system via canals and rivers and later railroads, rise of capitalism, incentives for inventors (government rewards for new inventions), favorable government policies

Mass-based political parties

New constitution created a strong executive. Napoleon's nephew was elected and became France's first president. He gained power and eventually was crowned emperor Napoleon III in 1870

Impacts of railroads

Non-industrialized nations in the 1800s Russia and the Habsburg Empire still practiced primitive agriculture which sometimes led to massive and deadly famines

Educational reforms Between 1870 and 1914, the majority of European governments passed compulsory education laws to get boys and girls between the ages of 6-12 into School to give kids who couldn't work something to do and wanted to unify the population and create economic growth.

Conservatism Political belief that argues governments are most stable when they uphold traditional and established norms and cultural institutions. Also says that humans are flawed and untrustworthy. Became popular because of the French Revolution

Distressed at Russias defeat in the Crimean war (lost because he sent untrained serfs to their slaughter and triggered a peasant revolt). To end the rebellion, he enacted potent liberal reforms. Emancipated the serfs, created independent courts, and modernized Russia's military by industrializing. He was assassinated because he angered the nobility

Quentin canal

Teaches that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation

Liberalism A philosophy that emphasizes limited government and the rights of the individual. Popular sovereignty

Middle class leisure culture Middle class needed places to relax and spend their time, while their workers were working. New parks, theaters, and sporting events

Marx was deeply distressed at the injustice of a society in which there was such a large gap between the rich and the poor classes. Communism!

Manchester Became one of the worlds most industrialized cities. 1st industrial park (place dedicated to factories). Led to a lot of pollution and other problems.

Steam engine

Austria passes the Carlsbad decrees

Thanks to industrialization, Prussia became the most powerful German state thanks to its coal and iron deposits and state funded efforts to build things like railways. They also created the Zollverein agreement. This led to a unified Germany under Prussian leadership in 1871.

Parliament repealed the corn laws In 1846, parliament repealed the corn laws which levied steep tariffs on imported grain. This lowered food prices and less people were needed to farm so they moved to cities.

People rebelled against King Charles 10th who wanted to bring back France’s pre-revolution structures. In 1830 he cracked down on freedom of the press and voting rights which prompted a 3 day insurrection and Charles the 10th fled and was replaced by King Louis Phillipe who was just as conservative.

Second wave of industrialization technologies Telegraph, telephone, vulcanization, new railroads

Inspired by the French revolutions, the people began demanding more liberal reforms as well. Constructional reforms and voting rights, but most of all, the unification of Germany. As they protested, Prussian king Frederick William 4th agreed to give them a new constitution and to merge Prussia into a unified German state. But while he was negotiating, the king sent troops to end the protests and the revolution failed.

Bessemer process Allowed steel to be mass-produced. And it was stronger and more resistant to rust.

Concert of Europe

Cult of domesticity

Customs union which put a huge tariff on trade beyond member states, and promoted free trade within those German states. Allowed the small German states to compete economically with large unified countries like Great Britain and France

Women led movement that aimed to ban the manufacture and sale of alcohol

Tzar Alexander 3rd's finance minister who modernized Russias economy by enacting protective tariffs and placed Russia's currency on the gold standard

Reasons for industrialization in Britain

Railroads increased commerce by linking distant parts of a state into a national economy and railroads also facilitated more people moving from the country into cities as well

Industrialization in southern and eastern europe Industrialization struggled to take root in places like Portugal, Spain, Southern Italy, and Greece because they lacked large deposits of coal and iron. And spain was devastated after the peninsular war and lacked a stable government. Plus elites have more government control and they didn’t like industrialization

Marx was deeply distressed at the injustice of a society in which there was such a large gap between the rich and the poor classes. Communism!

Russian conservatism in the late 1800s The tzar claimed divine right to rule, used secret police to crush dissent, and upheld surfdom.

Conspicuous consumption The middle class began buying things to show off

Socialism An ideology that calls for the redistribution of society's wealth and resources. Reaction to inequality in the Industrial Revolution

With the introduction of the steam engine, water power was no longer necessary and factories could be built anywhere.

A French conservative that initially supported the revolution, but he opposed it because of the violence and the attitudes towards religion. He opposed the secularization of France. He said authority should be rooted in religious and moral principles and wanted the monarchy back.

Austria passes the Carlsbad decrees Worked to suppress liberal and nationalist movements in the German states. Outlawed nationalist organizations, forcibly dissolved student organizations, and removed liberal college professors.

War of Greece independence Greece was under the control of the very conservative ottomans. From 1821 to 1831, the Greeks engage in a series of rebellions. The ottomans initially helped but with the help of France, russia, and Britain (who wanted to weaken the ottomans) Greece won its independence in 1832

Provisional governments new constitution New constitution created a strong executive. Napoleon's nephew was elected and became France's first president. He gained power and eventually was crowned emperor Napoleon III in 1870

French industrialization

German Social Democratic Party

As European countries extended the right to vote to more and more people, political parties had to appeal to more people to win. For example, liberals and conservatives had to incorporate more reforms because a lot of people wanted them.

Irish potato famine Potatoes were a staple food in Ireland. When a virus killed the potatoes, millions of the Irish poor died of starvation. Highlighted the importance of industrializing.

German unification Thanks to industrialization, Prussia became the most powerful German state thanks to its coal and iron deposits and state funded efforts to build things like railways. They also created the Zollverein agreement. This led to a unified Germany under Prussian leadership in 1871.

Nobility’s opposition to industrialization They opposed industrialization because they would loose workers as they left for cities.

Middle class leisure culture

Quentin canal Napoleon built a canal that connected Paris to iron and coal fields in the north

Revolutions of 1848 For all three of these revolutions of 1848, liberal reforms were demanded but conservative forces crushed those demands. Many of these governments reacted by becoming even more conservative

End this game?