German Social Democratic Party
General German Workers Association aimed to transform the capitalist system of private ownership of the means of production to social ownership of the means of production
Communist Manifesto
Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. History obeys laws, moves through patterns and stages until it reaches its ultimate goal. Driving force of history was class structure
The middle class was wealthy enough that they began marrying for love, rather than economic reasons.
Marx was deeply distressed at the injustice of a society in which there was such a large gap between the rich and the poor classes. Communism!
Spinning jenny
Made the production of textiles exponentially cheaper.
Newcomen steam engine
Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production.
An ideology that calls for the redistribution of society's wealth and resources. Reaction to inequality in the Industrial Revolution
Austria passes the Carlsbad decrees
Worked to suppress liberal and nationalist movements in the German states. Outlawed nationalist organizations, forcibly dissolved student organizations, and removed liberal college professors.
Tzar Alexander 2nd's reforms
Tzar Alexander 3rd's finance minister who modernized Russias economy by enacting protective tariffs and placed Russia's currency on the gold standard
Britain held an international exhibition to showcase their industrial might and greatness.
Public Health movement
Sought to remedy the high disease and mortality rate that occurred in British cities. People sought to sanitize cities by creating sewage systems and cleaning up the environment
Klemens von Metternich
Industrialization in southern and eastern europe
Industrialization struggled to take root in places like Portugal, Spain, Southern Italy, and Greece because they lacked large deposits of coal and iron. And spain was devastated after the peninsular war and lacked a stable government. Plus elites have more government control and they didn’t like industrialization
Factory act
Mandated that a child under the age of 9 could not work in a factory, set maximum working hours for children, and mandated a minimum of 2 hours of school per day. Families falsified documents and bypassed the laws anyway
Steam engine
With the introduction of the steam engine, water power was no longer necessary and factories could be built anywhere.
Revolution of 1905 (Russia)
Educational reforms
Between 1870 and 1914, the majority of European governments passed compulsory education laws to get boys and girls between the ages of 6-12 into School to give kids who couldn't work something to do and wanted to unify the population and create economic growth.
Conspicuous consumption
The middle class began buying things to show off
Middle class leisure culture
Vulcanization
Made rubber harder and more durable
The middle class had rigidly defined gender roles. The men worked in the city or at their factory, and women and children stayed home and made him sandwiches 🥪
Russian conservatism in the late 1800s
The tzar claimed divine right to rule, used secret police to crush dissent, and upheld surfdom.
Revolutions of 1848 in France
Many people began demanding more liberal reforms of king phillipe. When there was a bread shortage, people flooded the streets of Paris. The king responded with military force, killing about 50 of them. The protesters built barricades to defend themselves. The protests forced Louis Philippe to abdicate. A provisional government restored the French Republic.
Between 1870 and 1914, a second wave of industrialization spread throughout
Europe. Main building material became steel instead of iron, and the main fuel source became gasoline and electricity rather than coal and steam.
Concert of Europe
Metternich’s plan to impose conservatism on the entire European continent for stability. Argued for the need for organized religion, upheld the rights of the nobility and kept the balance of power. Led to a decades-long (100 years) period of peace.
Greece was under the control of the very conservative ottomans. From 1821 to 1831, the Greeks engage in a series of rebellions. The ottomans initially helped but with the help of France, russia, and Britain (who wanted to weaken the ottomans) Greece won its independence in 1832
Sunday School Movement
Women led movement that pushed for education for working class children
Thanks to industrialization, Prussia became the most powerful German state thanks to its coal and iron deposits and state funded efforts to build things like railways. They also created the Zollverein agreement. This led to a unified Germany under Prussian leadership in 1871.
Non-industrialized nations in the 1800s
Russia and the Habsburg Empire still practiced primitive agriculture which sometimes led to massive and deadly famines
