German unification
Thanks to industrialization, Prussia became the most powerful German state thanks to its coal and iron deposits and state funded efforts to build things like railways. They also created the Zollverein agreement. This led to a unified Germany under Prussian leadership in 1871.
Russians appreciated a better economy, but many were still living in absolute poverty under an authoritarian tzar. Peasant uprisings, the nobles lack of power, and lack of industrialization led to revolution. The people demanded a more liberal government which then led to the October manifesto
Provisional governments new constitution
New constitution created a strong executive. Napoleon's nephew was elected and became France's first president. He gained power and eventually was crowned emperor Napoleon III in 1870
Newcomen steam engine
Designed to pump water out of the coal mines to increase production.
Revolutions of 1848
Cult of domesticity
Women led movement that aimed to ban the manufacture and sale of alcohol
Tzar Alexander 2nd's reforms
Distressed at Russias defeat in the Crimean war (lost because he sent untrained serfs to their slaughter and triggered a peasant revolt). To end the rebellion, he enacted potent liberal reforms. Emancipated the serfs, created independent courts, and modernized Russia's military by industrializing. He was assassinated because he angered the nobility
Napoleon built a canal that connected Paris to iron and coal fields in the north
Utilitarianism
Argues that actions should be judged based on whether ther increase the happiness of those affected by the action
1800s-1900s social reforms
October Manifesto (1905)
Tzar Alexander 3rd had his finance minister Sergei Witte to draft some reforms. Universal suffrage for men, citizenship for all Russians, freedom of speech, and legislative reform, but tzar retained veto power
Conspicuous consumption
The middle class began buying things to show off
Zollverein agreement
Customs union which put a huge tariff on trade beyond member states, and promoted free trade within those German states. Allowed the small German states to compete economically with large unified countries like Great Britain and France
French industrialization
Irish potato famine
Russian conservatism in the late 1800s
Prussian revolution of 1848
Inspired by the French revolutions, the people began demanding more liberal reforms as well. Constructional reforms and voting rights, but most of all, the unification of Germany. As they protested, Prussian king Frederick William 4th agreed to give them a new constitution and to merge Prussia into a unified German state. But while he was negotiating, the king sent troops to end the protests and the revolution failed.
Second wave of industrialization technologies
Telegraph, telephone, vulcanization, new railroads
Mandated that a child under the age of 9 could not work in a factory, set maximum working hours for children, and mandated a minimum of 2 hours of school per day. Families falsified documents and bypassed the laws anyway
Klemens von Metternich
Set the political tone for all of Europe (age of Metternich). Believed that only powerful central governments would bring order to the various states of Europe.
Russia and the Habsburg Empire still practiced primitive agriculture which sometimes led to massive and deadly famines
Parliament repealed the corn laws
In 1846, parliament repealed the corn laws which levied steep tariffs on imported grain. This lowered food prices and less people were needed to farm so they moved to cities.
A French conservative that initially supported the revolution, but he opposed it because of the violence and the attitudes towards religion. He opposed the secularization of France. He said authority should be rooted in religious and moral principles and wanted the monarchy back.
Manchester
Middle class leisure culture
Mass-based political parties
As European countries extended the right to vote to more and more people, political parties had to appeal to more people to win. For example, liberals and conservatives had to incorporate more reforms because a lot of people wanted them.
Great exhibition
Educational reforms
Between 1870 and 1914, the majority of European governments passed compulsory education laws to get boys and girls between the ages of 6-12 into School to give kids who couldn't work something to do and wanted to unify the population and create economic growth.
Marx was deeply distressed at the injustice of a society in which there was such a large gap between the rich and the poor classes. Communism!
