Unit 6 review (1815-1914) duel

Distressed at Russias defeat in the Crimean war (lost because he sent untrained serfs to their slaughter and triggered a peasant revolt). To end the rebellion, he enacted potent liberal reforms. Emancipated the serfs, created independent courts, and modernized Russia's military by industrializing. He was assassinated because he angered the nobility

Newcomen steam engine

Provisional governments new constitution New constitution created a strong executive. Napoleon's nephew was elected and became France's first president. He gained power and eventually was crowned emperor Napoleon III in 1870

French industrialization

Prussian revolution of 1848 Inspired by the French revolutions, the people began demanding more liberal reforms as well. Constructional reforms and voting rights, but most of all, the unification of Germany. As they protested, Prussian king Frederick William 4th agreed to give them a new constitution and to merge Prussia into a unified German state. But while he was negotiating, the king sent troops to end the protests and the revolution failed.

Conspicuous consumption The middle class began buying things to show off

Bessemer process

1800s-1900s social reforms These reforms were led by governments

German Social Democratic Party General German Workers Association aimed to transform the capitalist system of private ownership of the means of production to social ownership of the means of production

A philosophy that emphasizes limited government and the rights of the individual. Popular sovereignty

Factory act

Conservatism

For all three of these revolutions of 1848, liberal reforms were demanded but conservative forces crushed those demands. Many of these governments reacted by becoming even more conservative

Parliament repealed the corn laws In 1846, parliament repealed the corn laws which levied steep tariffs on imported grain. This lowered food prices and less people were needed to farm so they moved to cities.

Telegraph, telephone, vulcanization, new railroads

Irish potato famine Potatoes were a staple food in Ireland. When a virus killed the potatoes, millions of the Irish poor died of starvation. Highlighted the importance of industrializing.

Thanks to industrialization, Prussia became the most powerful German state thanks to its coal and iron deposits and state funded efforts to build things like railways. They also created the Zollverein agreement. This led to a unified Germany under Prussian leadership in 1871.

Middle class needed places to relax and spend their time, while their workers were working. New parks, theaters, and sporting events

Age of Metternich

Edmund Burke British conservative that argued that authority and hierarchy was part of the natural order of the universe and if those are in place, everything is chill. Didn’t think people were capable of governing themselves.

Sergei Witte

Public Health movement Sought to remedy the high disease and mortality rate that occurred in British cities. People sought to sanitize cities by creating sewage systems and cleaning up the environment

Russian conservatism in the late 1800s The tzar claimed divine right to rule, used secret police to crush dissent, and upheld surfdom.

Socialism

Revolutions of 1848 in France Many people began demanding more liberal reforms of king phillipe. When there was a bread shortage, people flooded the streets of Paris. The king responded with military force, killing about 50 of them. The protesters built barricades to defend themselves. The protests forced Louis Philippe to abdicate. A provisional government restored the French Republic.

The middle class was wealthy enough that they began marrying for love, rather than economic reasons.

Utilitarianism

Communist Manifesto Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. History obeys laws, moves through patterns and stages until it reaches its ultimate goal. Driving force of history was class structure

Manchester

Scientific socialism Marx was deeply distressed at the injustice of a society in which there was such a large gap between the rich and the poor classes. Communism!

1800s-1900s social reforms These reforms were led by governments

Liberalism A philosophy that emphasizes limited government and the rights of the individual. Popular sovereignty

Utilitarianism Argues that actions should be judged based on whether ther increase the happiness of those affected by the action

Nobility’s opposition to industrialization

Mass-based political parties

Ten hours act Restricted the total number of working hours for children under 13. Families ignored it because they really needed the money

Russia and the Habsburg Empire still practiced primitive agriculture which sometimes led to massive and deadly famines

Anarchism Teaches that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation

Cult of domesticity The middle class had rigidly defined gender roles. The men worked in the city or at their factory, and women and children stayed home and made him sandwiches 🥪

Middle class leisure culture Middle class needed places to relax and spend their time, while their workers were working. New parks, theaters, and sporting events

For all three of these revolutions of 1848, liberal reforms were demanded but conservative forces crushed those demands. Many of these governments reacted by becoming even more conservative

Conservatism Political belief that argues governments are most stable when they uphold traditional and established norms and cultural institutions. Also says that humans are flawed and untrustworthy. Became popular because of the French Revolution

Age of Metternich He ran the conference of Vienna, which had several goals. Make sure France could not become an aggressor, restore the balance of power, install legitimate government in conquered territories.

Klemens von Metternich

Conspicuous consumption

Sought to remedy the high disease and mortality rate that occurred in British cities. People sought to sanitize cities by creating sewage systems and cleaning up the environment

Customs union which put a huge tariff on trade beyond member states, and promoted free trade within those German states. Allowed the small German states to compete economically with large unified countries like Great Britain and France

Prussian revolution of 1848

Socialism

Between 1870 and 1914, the majority of European governments passed compulsory education laws to get boys and girls between the ages of 6-12 into School to give kids who couldn't work something to do and wanted to unify the population and create economic growth.

Napoleon built a canal that connected Paris to iron and coal fields in the north

With the introduction of the steam engine, water power was no longer necessary and factories could be built anywhere.

Spinning jenny

Joseph de Maistre A French conservative that initially supported the revolution, but he opposed it because of the violence and the attitudes towards religion. He opposed the secularization of France. He said authority should be rooted in religious and moral principles and wanted the monarchy back.

Second wave of industrialization technologies

Transition from agrarian economies to economies based on the manufacture of goods. Done in factories with specialization

Mandated that a child under the age of 9 could not work in a factory, set maximum working hours for children, and mandated a minimum of 2 hours of school per day. Families falsified documents and bypassed the laws anyway

End this game?