Northern Italian unification
Under the leadership of Count Cavor, Piedmont industrialized and built a massive army. Promised Napoleon the 3rd that France could keep its territories if it helped expel Austria from Italy. Napoleon didn't do his job, however the northern Italian nationalists joined Piedmont. Northern Italy is unified.
Taught that any rational conclusion must be able to be scientifically verified or provable through mathematical quantification. Truth = Science or Math, not god or mythology
Southern italian unification
Giuseppe Garibaldi led his men (clad in red shirts) to unify the southern region. He then gave over sovereignty to the north, finally unifying italy, except for Rome, which was still occupied by france.
Zionism
A nationalism movement that sprang up among European Jews. Enlightenment ideals led to more tolerance for Jews. But Zionism responded to the growing anit-semitism that came back after incidents like the dreufus affair
Effectively broke up the concert of Europe which had kept the peace and the balance of power in Europe, since it's inception. Britain and Russia focused inward, creating the conditions for Italian and German unification.
Zulu rebellion
Europeans had divided africa with little to no regard for tribal boundaries or conflicts. The native zulu tribe, who had been forced to mine for diamonds, revolted with an army of over 40,000 men, but eventually lost to the british.
The franco-Prussian war forced Napoleon III to withdraw french troops from Rome, so italy just took it.
European advantages over African resistance
Military technology developed in the second industrial revolution like the machine gun, telegrams and railroads made running a nation from the other side of the world much easier, and new medicines that let europeans survive in africa.
Theodor Hertzl
A German Jew who argued in 1835 that Jews should have a land of their own and that land should be their ancestral home of Palestine.
New ideas in the 1800s - 1900s
General theory of relativity, new sciency things
Austria was unable to suppress the growing nationalism in Hungary. This led to the creation of the dual monarchy
Ems telegram
Franco-Prussian war
Entente cordiale
France agreed to become friends with britian because they both wanted territory in sudan to build railroads, but France was way outnumbered and wanted a friend to defend against germany. Lays the groundwork for their alliance in WWI
Enlightenment impact on nationalism
Austro-Prussian war of 1866
Before this war broke out, Bismarck skillfully negotiated non-interference treaties with Britain and Russia. He then started a war over the two provinces he was sharing with austria, forcing the other smaller German provinces to pick a side, which they did. #Unification
Made decisions about who would get what territory in Africa to prevent a war in europe.
Sepoy rebellion
Because of a feeling that India was losing its heritage and culture, and a rumor that the british were greasing their ammunition carriages in the fat of cows, the sepoy (Indian soldiers who worked for the british) rebelled in 1857. It spread rapidly across india, but the british eventually crushed it. India transferred from east india company to british government,
Imperialism led to a partial rejection of social darwinism
Some people began to see the problem with brutally colonizing other places
Triple entente
An alliance between Britain, france, and Russia created in 1907 in response to the triple alliance.
Otto von Bismarck
Introduced reforms aimed a bulking up Prussia's wealth, most notably, by increasing its military.
Dreyfus Affair
3 key wars that Bismarck used to unify germany
Prussian-Danish war of 1864
Prussian-Danish war of 1864
Bismarck became chancellor of Germany
Triple alliance
The Crimean war
A war over religion and politics. The Ottoman sultan granted special privilege's to French Catholics, and Russia wanted those same privilege's for Orthodox Christians. France and Russia wanted to weaken an empire already divided by internal nationalist divisions. When Austria declared neutrality and left Russia all alone, Russia lost.
A method of political maneuvering that sought practical results. "What is the best action for me to take, in order to get what I want?"
New imperialism causes
After industrialization there was a strong motive to imperialize other parts of the globe to gain access to more raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods.
Since positivism rejected the idea that there was one overarching truth that applied to everyone everywhere, that meant hat all truth was relative.
