Realpolitik
A method of political maneuvering that sought practical results. "What is the best action for me to take, in order to get what I want?"
Otto von Bismarck
Dual monarchy of Austria Hungary.
Austria was unable to suppress the growing nationalism in Hungary. This led to the creation of the dual monarchy
Berlin conference (1884-1885)
Made decisions about who would get what territory in Africa to prevent a war in europe.
Zulu rebellion
Europeans had divided africa with little to no regard for tribal boundaries or conflicts. The native zulu tribe, who had been forced to mine for diamonds, revolted with an army of over 40,000 men, but eventually lost to the british.
Zionism
A nationalism movement that sprang up among European Jews. Enlightenment ideals led to more tolerance for Jews. But Zionism responded to the growing anit-semitism that came back after incidents like the dreufus affair
Theodor Hertzl
Prussian-Danish war of 1864
Created in 1882 by Bismarck. An alliance between germany, austria, and italy which supported the existing political orders in these state, as well as a mutual defence pact against france.
Bismarck wanted to unify with the sounthern German states he had just fought a war with by fighting a common enemy: France. After falsifying a document and starting a war with france, the german states united together and won.
Academic German published a collection of fairy tales from German culture. Their goal was to connect living germans with their ancestral roots.
Effects of the Crimean war
Effectively broke up the concert of Europe which had kept the peace and the balance of power in Europe, since it's inception. Britain and Russia focused inward, creating the conditions for Italian and German unification.
Racial superiority & Social Darwinism
After contrasting the wealth and power that industrialized nations in europe had accumulated with the relative poverty of many places in Africa, many europeans concluded that western nations were superior.
Rome unifies with italy
The franco-Prussian war forced Napoleon III to withdraw french troops from Rome, so italy just took it.
European advantages over African resistance
Enlightenment impact on nationalism
The emotional aspect of nationalism indicated that nationalism was a reaction against the cold rationality of the enlightenment
Triple entente
Bismarck became chancellor of Germany
After unifying all of Germany, he served as the chancellor of germany from 1871 to 1890. His policies during this time aimed to isolate france, whom he considered Germany's greatest enemy.
Imperialism led to a partial rejection of social darwinism
Some people began to see the problem with brutally colonizing other places
Since positivism rejected the idea that there was one overarching truth that applied to everyone everywhere, that meant hat all truth was relative.
New imperialism causes
After industrialization there was a strong motive to imperialize other parts of the globe to gain access to more raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods.
Northern Italian unification
Under the leadership of Count Cavor, Piedmont industrialized and built a massive army. Promised Napoleon the 3rd that France could keep its territories if it helped expel Austria from Italy. Napoleon didn't do his job, however the northern Italian nationalists joined Piedmont. Northern Italy is unified.
Austro-Prussian war of 1866
Before this war broke out, Bismarck skillfully negotiated non-interference treaties with Britain and Russia. He then started a war over the two provinces he was sharing with austria, forcing the other smaller German provinces to pick a side, which they did. #Unification
Taught that any rational conclusion must be able to be scientifically verified or provable through mathematical quantification. Truth = Science or Math, not god or mythology
A document forged by Bismarck of a Prussian diplomat
allegedly insulting Napoleon III, provoking a war with france
Bismarck got Austria to help him conquer 2 german provinces controlled by Denmark. They won easily and Prussia got one, and Austria got the other.
The Crimean war
A war over religion and politics. The Ottoman sultan granted special privilege's to French Catholics, and Russia wanted those same privilege's for Orthodox Christians. France and Russia wanted to weaken an empire already divided by internal nationalist divisions. When Austria declared neutrality and left Russia all alone, Russia lost.
New ideas in the 1800s - 1900s
A french solider was accused and convicted of leaking secret documents to the germans. Divided the country between people who thought he was being unjustly accused because he was Jewish, and others who thought the charges were believable because he was Jewish.
Giuseppe Garibaldi led his men (clad in red shirts) to unify the southern region. He then gave over sovereignty to the north, finally unifying italy, except for Rome, which was still occupied by france.
