Tzar Nicholas
The treaty of Versailles established many new parliamentary democracies like Poland and yugoslavia, which struggled during the problems of the inter-war period. Fascist leaders gained power because people wanted a strong leader to solve all their problems.
Pan-Slavism
Ireland wanted to be independent from britain. Although Britian had passed a home-rule bill, they put it on pause during the war. Ireland thought they were backtracking and so on easter sunday in 1916, Irish rebels began fighting british soldiers, who eventually put the rebellion down.
First to use the word Fascism to characterize the system of government he claimed would solve all of italy's problems. Used modern technology to spread his propaganda to all Italians.
New military technology
Fascism
A system of government characterized by extreme paternalistic, militaristic nationalism in which the interests of the people are subordinated to the interests of the state and its leader. Was appealing because of all the post-war crisis
Peasant farmers were no longer required to send their produce to the state and could sell it on the open market. Lenin permitted private ownership of small businesses. Lenin cut corners and didn't follow the original plan for the communist government.
As he and his wife were being paraded around Bosnia, a Serbian nationalist shot him. Austria gave the serbian government an ultimatum, which would require taking responsibility for the assassination. Since they refused to do that, austria declares war on Serbia
April theses
Just give Hitler what he wants and keep the peace.
Five year plan
After Lenin, Joseph Stalin took power. After consolidating party power under himself, he implemented a five year plan with the goal to rapidly industrialize the soviet union. Much like Lenin, Stalin skipped crucial steps, like providing housing. People would rather starve than farm for the government.
The U.S enters the war and it's massive industrial capacity and the british invention of tanks tipped the balance of power against germany and the triple alliance.
When all of the resources of a state, from the state level to the average people are leveraged to fight a war.
Black/Brown shirts
Women's rights during war
Women joined the military and supported the war effort, this directly led to women gaining the right to vote about 30 years later.
Russian civil war
The aristocracy wasn't happy about a peasant revolution. Collaborated with western countries to fight the bolsheviks with a massive army. Communists organized the army and used nationalistic sentiment to drive the western countries out. Russia becomes the Soviet Union.
War debt: European countries had no money and were forced to borrow from the United States.
Nationalistic tariff policies
Overproduction: When the war ended, demand for military goods dropped significantly
Financial speculation
U.S stock market collapsed.
Factory workers, many of whom were women, protested the cost of food like bread.
Treaty of versailles
It stopped the fighting, but didn't address the tensions that started the war in the first place. Reparations from Germany, War guilt clause: blamed the entire war on germany. Demilitarization: Crushed Germanys national identity
A coalition of left-wing parties whose main objective was preventing the rise of communism or fascism in france
Spanish civil war
Militarism: armies were growing quickly thanks to mass conscription
Aliances: Triple alliance and triple entente. Both sides are becoming suspisous and antagonistic of one another
Imperialism: New tension over who gets which colonies
Nationalism: Military leaders began to think that war was an acceptable way of bringing glory to their state
Spanish popular front
The economic and political turmoil sent spain into a tailspin. Their parliamentary democracy collapsed
and the popular front took control. Represented the interests of workers and communists.
Pact of steel
Germany, Italy, and later Japan formed an alliance and became known as the Axis Powers. Western democracies viewed this as an existential threat
Age of anxiety
Bolshevik troops storm the winter palace
They stormed the provisional government's headquarters and now the communists are now in control of Russia
Mandate system
Entente alliance promised the middle east independence after the war. However "they thought they weren't ready for independence" and they wanted oil, so they kept running them anyway
Russian revolution
World war one spreads
Russia, in defense of it's slavic ally, mobilized its forces against Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary, seeing an opportunity to weaken Bosnian influence in the Balkans decided to intervene. They called on Germany to assist them. This drags the rest of the alliance system into the conflict.
