India used non-violent civil disobedience to negotiate with the exhausted british for independence.
Common market (later the european union)
They decided to expand the european coal and steel community to include other industries. Eventually integrated their economies into one larger european economy with its own currency.
After WWII, Europe lay in ruins. The U.S. hoped strong democratic economies would not easily fall to communism. Western European countries gladly accepted the money, while Soviet satellite states did not.
Decolonization
European coal and steel community
Proxy wars
Although the US and USSR never directly fought, the cold war did turn hot in a couple of proxy wars across the globe.
Results of U.S. influence
Gorbachev allows for free speech
When people were allowed to express their opinions, turns out they didn't really like the USSR. A wave of nationalism spread over soviet countries who started demanding their independence.
Cold war
A conflict between the United States and soviet union where neither engaged in direct warfare with the other.
Hungarian revolution (1956)
Demanded Hungary have free and fair elections in Hungary. The soviets freaked out and sent hundreds of troops, and tanks to crush the revolution
Berlin wall
Prevented east berliners from fleeing to the economically prosperous west.
Division of germany
At the end of the war, germany was divided into occupation zones. The west wanted economic recovery for Germany to keep europe stable, but the soviets wanted to keep germany weak, and wanted to extract reparations.
Poland had alway resited communism. A labor party called solidarity protested any attempt to restrict their freedoms. In that year the soviets legalized their party, thinking they would loose anyway. Solidarity won and started dissolving the bonds between poland and the soviet union.
Perestroika
Korean war
After Japan was defeated, their former colony Korea was divided into north and south. In 1950, the north invaded the south, and the USSR US each backed opposing sides.
Women's rights
Fall of the Soviet Union in 1991
Officially ended the cold war, capitalist democracies were established in eastern europe, and germany was reunited.
Growth of social welfare
The idea of social welfare spread throughout europe.
Economic miracle
Whereas the main push during the first wave was to secure the right to vote, the second wave focused on societal issues and inequalities women faced including education, marriage laws, and professional careers.
Chechen muslims had profound anti-russian sentiments that stretch back centuries. When the USSR collapsed, they declared independence. They ruled themselves for 3 years until Russia decided to reassert its influence through a series of conflicts that ended in 2017.
Unified dominance. Ex: the soviet union's dominance over eastern europe.
National liberation front fought with france until Algeria was independent.
European union
THe EU is continually trying to balance questions of national sovereignty with the responsibilities of membership in an economic and political union
