Settlement houses
Provided resources to the poor to enrich the neighborhood. Largely led by women
By 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the frontier was officially settled
Wanted to correct the concentration of power held by banks and trusts. Proposed the Omaha platform: Direct election of senators, more referendums, graduated income tax, and an 8-hour workday
Tammany Hall
The most famous political machine organized and met the needs of immigrants and the poor in exchange for votes
A severe economic depression during which nearly a quarter of railroads declared bankruptcy. This caused bankers to buy up many of the railroads, leading to consolidation.
Political machines
Corrupt political bosses and their followers
Sherman antitrust act
Made monopolizing an entire market illegal
Social and educational collective aimed at brining farmers together. Soon became political to lobby for farmers
Pioneered horizontal integration, where one company controls every seller in the market.
Pullman strike
After a railroad car manufacturer cut wages, and the union tried to negotiate, the company failed them all. The railroad union decided to not work on any trains with Pullman cars in them. The railroad owners tied the Pullman cars to mail trains in order to get the government to keep them moving, and the union members were jailed
Nativists successfully pressured Congress to stop the flow of Chinese immigrants who were coming over during the gold rush.
Railroads
Massive extension of the railroad system created a truly national market for goods
Booker T. Washington
Changes in farming
Anarchists set off a bomb during a Knights of labor protest in Chicago for an 8-hour workweek. Many people began to see the labor movement as violent and radical
The new south
Idea that the future of the south would be based on economic diversity and industrial growth. Massive growth of population, industry, and railroads. Only in limited industrial centers though.
Government support for railroads
Worked to close down saloons
Workers formed labor unions to have more negotiating power and fight for better pay and working conditions
Laissez-faire economics
Indian appropriation act
congress sparked a new fight with the Sioux, by passing a law that nullified all previous treaties made with native Americans
Indian nations were assigned land called reservations. However this land was much less than before, and many decided to just keep following buffalo
International migration society
Facilitated the migration of black people to africa
Homestead act
Gave settlers 160 acres of land if they lived there for 5 years.
Jim Crow laws
Forced segregation and prevented african americans from exercising their civil liberties
Pioneered vertical integration, where one company controls every stage of the manufacturing process
Bessemer process
Enabled manufacturers to produce huge quantities of steel
National union open to ALL laborers. Wanted to end child labor and end trusts
Sioux wars
