Bessemer process
Political machines
Corrupt political bosses and their followers
Labor unions
Ghost dance movement
nationwide movement of resistance. They began to believe that if they took up the ritualistic ghost dance, that their ancestors would return and drive the Americans out.
Government support for railroads
Railroads supported by the government through money and land grants
Chinese exclusion act
Great railroad strike
Laissez-faire economics
There was an extreme lack of government regulation of the economy at the time
John D. Rockefeller
Pioneered horizontal integration, where one company controls every seller in the market.
Gospel of wealth
Andrew Carnegie argued that those with wealth should invest it into society
Wanted to end indian culture by forcing them to assimilate to American values.
Sioux wars
A new focus on cash-crops in the north and west, and a shift to more expensive mechanized farming methods put smaller farms out of business. Big trusts that farmers relied on (like railroads) also raised prices, making it even harder for farmers to make a living
Jim Crow laws
Forced segregation and prevented african americans from exercising their civil liberties
Indian nations were assigned land called reservations. However this land was much less than before, and many decided to just keep following buffalo
The new south
Social and educational collective aimed at brining farmers together. Soon became political to lobby for farmers
Facilitated the migration of black people to africa
former slave who trained other black men to become economically self-sufficient, and argued this was a better way to gain power than to campaign for better voting rights
Indian appropriation act
congress sparked a new fight with the Sioux, by passing a law that nullified all previous treaties made with native Americans
White collar workers
All the industrialization created a new type of work for managers and administrators who ran the factories instead of working in them
Pullman strike
American federation of labor
Grew to over a million members by 1901 and had some modest successes
Anti-Saloon league
Worked to close down saloons
Editor of a newspaper editorialized against lynching and jim crow. She fled north due to threats against her
Feared that factory owners would use immigrants to keep wages low and to replace striking workers
Panic of 1893
NAWSA
Worked to secure voting rights for women
16 million immigrants (mostly from Europe) came looking for better economic opportunities
Starting in 1865 many Americans started pushing westward again after the interruption of the civil war
