former slave who trained other black men to become economically self-sufficient, and argued this was a better way to gain power than to campaign for better voting rights
Pendleton Act
Political appointments were very corrupt after a guy shot the president because he didn't get a job, congress passed the Pendleton Act, which created an exam that was used for deciding who would get a job
Dawes act
Broke up tribal organizations and divided up tribal land and gave U.S. citizenship to natives who "Americanized" themselves
Changes in farming
A new focus on cash-crops in the north and west, and a shift to more expensive mechanized farming methods put smaller farms out of business. Big trusts that farmers relied on (like railroads) also raised prices, making it even harder for farmers to make a living
Homestead act
Gave settlers 160 acres of land if they lived there for 5 years.
Assimilationist movement
Wanted to correct the concentration of power held by banks and trusts. Proposed the Omaha platform: Direct election of senators, more referendums, graduated income tax, and an 8-hour workday
Settlement houses
Growth of immigration
Massive extension of the railroad system created a truly national market for goods
National Grange movement
Social and educational collective aimed at brining farmers together. Soon became political to lobby for farmers
Railroads supported by the government through money and land grants
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Worked to ban alcohol, had over 500,000 members
Debates over money
Farmers wanted to print more money so they could more easily pay back their debts, but the bankers and the wealthy wanted to keep the U.S. Dollar on the gold standard
Grew to over a million members by 1901 and had some modest successes
Idea that the future of the south would be based on economic diversity and industrial growth. Massive growth of population, industry, and railroads. Only in limited industrial centers though.
Sioux wars
Sioux initally won a deceive victory against the U.S. army.
Facilitated the migration of black people to africa
Andrew Carnegie
Pioneered vertical integration, where one company controls every stage of the manufacturing process
White collar workers
All the industrialization created a new type of work for managers and administrators who ran the factories instead of working in them
Forced segregation and prevented african americans from exercising their civil liberties
Anti-Saloon league
Worked to close down saloons
After a railroad car manufacturer cut wages, and the union tried to negotiate, the company failed them all. The railroad union decided to not work on any trains with Pullman cars in them. The railroad owners tied the Pullman cars to mail trains in order to get the government to keep them moving, and the union members were jailed
Great railroad strike
Railroad companies cut salaries due to a recession. Railroad workers went on strike in 11 states. When the strike got violent, 11 people were killed before President Hayes sent in federal troops
Panic of 1893
Gospel of wealth
Sherman antitrust act
Made monopolizing an entire market illegal
Interstate commerce act
American protective association
Heavily anti-catholic and Social Darwinists
