International migration society
Facilitated the migration of black people to africa
Haymarket square riot
Anarchists set off a bomb during a Knights of labor protest in Chicago for an 8-hour workweek. Many people began to see the labor movement as violent and radical
Andrew Carnegie
Labor unions
Workers formed labor unions to have more negotiating power and fight for better pay and working conditions
Growth of immigration
16 million immigrants (mostly from Europe) came looking for better economic opportunities
National Grange movement
The new south
Idea that the future of the south would be based on economic diversity and industrial growth. Massive growth of population, industry, and railroads. Only in limited industrial centers though.
Indian appropriation act
congress sparked a new fight with the Sioux, by passing a law that nullified all previous treaties made with native Americans
Changes in farming
Gospel of wealth
Andrew Carnegie argued that those with wealth should invest it into society
By 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the frontier was officially settled
Anti-Saloon league
Pioneered horizontal integration, where one company controls every seller in the market.
Assimilationist movement
Wanted to end indian culture by forcing them to assimilate to American values.
Panic of 1893
A severe economic depression during which nearly a quarter of railroads declared bankruptcy. This caused bankers to buy up many of the railroads, leading to consolidation.
Pendleton Act
Political appointments were very corrupt after a guy shot the president because he didn't get a job, congress passed the Pendleton Act, which created an exam that was used for deciding who would get a job
After a railroad car manufacturer cut wages, and the union tried to negotiate, the company failed them all. The railroad union decided to not work on any trains with Pullman cars in them. The railroad owners tied the Pullman cars to mail trains in order to get the government to keep them moving, and the union members were jailed
Railroads
Massive extension of the railroad system created a truly national market for goods
There was an extreme lack of government regulation of the economy at the time
Views on immigration
Feared that factory owners would use immigrants to keep wages low and to replace striking workers
Ida B. Wells
White collar workers
Starting in 1865 many Americans started pushing westward again after the interruption of the civil war
Settlement houses
Tammany Hall
The most famous political machine organized and met the needs of immigrants and the poor in exchange for votes
Populist party
Wanted to correct the concentration of power held by banks and trusts. Proposed the Omaha platform: Direct election of senators, more referendums, graduated income tax, and an 8-hour workday
Bessemer process
Enabled manufacturers to produce huge quantities of steel
Dawes act
Broke up tribal organizations and divided up tribal land and gave U.S. citizenship to natives who "Americanized" themselves
American federation of labor
Grew to over a million members by 1901 and had some modest successes
Sioux initally won a deceive victory against the U.S. army.
