Interstate commerce act
Required railroad rates to be reasonable and just, and established a federal commission to oversee the railroads
Panic of 1893
A severe economic depression during which nearly a quarter of railroads declared bankruptcy. This caused bankers to buy up many of the railroads, leading to consolidation.
Chinese exclusion act
Government support for railroads
Pullman strike
After a railroad car manufacturer cut wages, and the union tried to negotiate, the company failed them all. The railroad union decided to not work on any trains with Pullman cars in them. The railroad owners tied the Pullman cars to mail trains in order to get the government to keep them moving, and the union members were jailed
Homestead act
Facilitated the migration of black people to africa
Social and educational collective aimed at brining farmers together. Soon became political to lobby for farmers
American protective association
Heavily anti-catholic and Social Darwinists
Dawes act
Broke up tribal organizations and divided up tribal land and gave U.S. citizenship to natives who "Americanized" themselves
Andrew Carnegie
Pioneered vertical integration, where one company controls every stage of the manufacturing process
Views on immigration
Feared that factory owners would use immigrants to keep wages low and to replace striking workers
Settlement houses
Provided resources to the poor to enrich the neighborhood. Largely led by women
Political machines
Corrupt political bosses and their followers
Indian appropriation act
Starting in 1865 many Americans started pushing westward again after the interruption of the civil war
Wanted to end indian culture by forcing them to assimilate to American values.
Booker T. Washington
Labor unions
Workers formed labor unions to have more negotiating power and fight for better pay and working conditions
Political appointments were very corrupt after a guy shot the president because he didn't get a job, congress passed the Pendleton Act, which created an exam that was used for deciding who would get a job
Changes in farming
A new focus on cash-crops in the north and west, and a shift to more expensive mechanized farming methods put smaller farms out of business. Big trusts that farmers relied on (like railroads) also raised prices, making it even harder for farmers to make a living
Anti-Saloon league
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Ida B. Wells
Editor of a newspaper editorialized against lynching and jim crow. She fled north due to threats against her
Populist party
Haymarket square riot
Sioux wars
Tammany Hall
By 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the frontier was officially settled
Gospel of wealth
Andrew Carnegie argued that those with wealth should invest it into society
