Tammany Hall
The most famous political machine organized and met the needs of immigrants and the poor in exchange for votes
Labor unions
Workers formed labor unions to have more negotiating power and fight for better pay and working conditions
Views on immigration
Pullman strike
After a railroad car manufacturer cut wages, and the union tried to negotiate, the company failed them all. The railroad union decided to not work on any trains with Pullman cars in them. The railroad owners tied the Pullman cars to mail trains in order to get the government to keep them moving, and the union members were jailed
Railroads
Massive extension of the railroad system created a truly national market for goods
Forced segregation and prevented african americans from exercising their civil liberties
Interstate commerce act
Required railroad rates to be reasonable and just, and established a federal commission to oversee the railroads
Dawes act
Broke up tribal organizations and divided up tribal land and gave U.S. citizenship to natives who "Americanized" themselves
Chinese exclusion act
Nativists successfully pressured Congress to stop the flow of Chinese immigrants who were coming over during the gold rush.
Social and educational collective aimed at brining farmers together. Soon became political to lobby for farmers
Bessemer process
Andrew Carnegie
Pioneered vertical integration, where one company controls every stage of the manufacturing process
There was an extreme lack of government regulation of the economy at the time
Political machines
Corrupt political bosses and their followers
Facilitated the migration of black people to africa
Haymarket square riot
Anarchists set off a bomb during a Knights of labor protest in Chicago for an 8-hour workweek. Many people began to see the labor movement as violent and radical
Changes in farming
A new focus on cash-crops in the north and west, and a shift to more expensive mechanized farming methods put smaller farms out of business. Big trusts that farmers relied on (like railroads) also raised prices, making it even harder for farmers to make a living
American federation of labor
Grew to over a million members by 1901 and had some modest successes
Sioux wars
Indian appropriation act
congress sparked a new fight with the Sioux, by passing a law that nullified all previous treaties made with native Americans
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Worked to ban alcohol, had over 500,000 members
Homestead act
Gave settlers 160 acres of land if they lived there for 5 years.
White collar workers
All the industrialization created a new type of work for managers and administrators who ran the factories instead of working in them
Sherman antitrust act
Made monopolizing an entire market illegal
Knights of labor
National union open to ALL laborers. Wanted to end child labor and end trusts
Ida B. Wells
Editor of a newspaper editorialized against lynching and jim crow. She fled north due to threats against her
Anti-Saloon league
Worked to close down saloons
Great railroad strike
John D. Rockefeller
