By 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the frontier was officially settled
Farmers wanted to print more money so they could more easily pay back their debts, but the bankers and the wealthy wanted to keep the U.S. Dollar on the gold standard
Populist party
Wanted to correct the concentration of power held by banks and trusts. Proposed the Omaha platform: Direct election of senators, more referendums, graduated income tax, and an 8-hour workday
Bessemer process
Andrew Carnegie
Pioneered vertical integration, where one company controls every stage of the manufacturing process
Grew to over a million members by 1901 and had some modest successes
Wanted to end indian culture by forcing them to assimilate to American values.
Indian appropriation act
congress sparked a new fight with the Sioux, by passing a law that nullified all previous treaties made with native Americans
Gospel of wealth
Andrew Carnegie argued that those with wealth should invest it into society
The new south
Idea that the future of the south would be based on economic diversity and industrial growth. Massive growth of population, industry, and railroads. Only in limited industrial centers though.
Pioneered horizontal integration, where one company controls every seller in the market.
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Worked to ban alcohol, had over 500,000 members
Sioux wars
Sioux initally won a deceive victory against the U.S. army.
former slave who trained other black men to become economically self-sufficient, and argued this was a better way to gain power than to campaign for better voting rights
National Grange movement
Social and educational collective aimed at brining farmers together. Soon became political to lobby for farmers
Pendleton Act
Knights of labor
Panic of 1893
A severe economic depression during which nearly a quarter of railroads declared bankruptcy. This caused bankers to buy up many of the railroads, leading to consolidation.
Settlement houses
Sherman antitrust act
Railroads
Massive extension of the railroad system created a truly national market for goods
Political machines
Corrupt political bosses and their followers
Changes in farming
A new focus on cash-crops in the north and west, and a shift to more expensive mechanized farming methods put smaller farms out of business. Big trusts that farmers relied on (like railroads) also raised prices, making it even harder for farmers to make a living
Ida B. Wells
International migration society
Facilitated the migration of black people to africa
White collar workers
All the industrialization created a new type of work for managers and administrators who ran the factories instead of working in them
Reservation system
Nativists successfully pressured Congress to stop the flow of Chinese immigrants who were coming over during the gold rush.
NAWSA
Worked to secure voting rights for women
