Indian appropriation act
congress sparked a new fight with the Sioux, by passing a law that nullified all previous treaties made with native Americans
Ida B. Wells
Debates over money
Farmers wanted to print more money so they could more easily pay back their debts, but the bankers and the wealthy wanted to keep the U.S. Dollar on the gold standard
Political appointments were very corrupt after a guy shot the president because he didn't get a job, congress passed the Pendleton Act, which created an exam that was used for deciding who would get a job
International migration society
Facilitated the migration of black people to africa
By 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the frontier was officially settled
Homestead act
Gave settlers 160 acres of land if they lived there for 5 years.
Laissez-faire economics
Nativists successfully pressured Congress to stop the flow of Chinese immigrants who were coming over during the gold rush.
Assimilationist movement
Wanted to end indian culture by forcing them to assimilate to American values.
The new south
Reservation system
Indian nations were assigned land called reservations. However this land was much less than before, and many decided to just keep following buffalo
Pioneered horizontal integration, where one company controls every seller in the market.
Forced segregation and prevented african americans from exercising their civil liberties
Changes in farming
A new focus on cash-crops in the north and west, and a shift to more expensive mechanized farming methods put smaller farms out of business. Big trusts that farmers relied on (like railroads) also raised prices, making it even harder for farmers to make a living
Dawes act
Broke up tribal organizations and divided up tribal land and gave U.S. citizenship to natives who "Americanized" themselves
Andrew Carnegie
Pioneered vertical integration, where one company controls every stage of the manufacturing process
White collar workers
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Booker T. Washington
former slave who trained other black men to become economically self-sufficient, and argued this was a better way to gain power than to campaign for better voting rights
Government support for railroads
Railroads supported by the government through money and land grants
After a railroad car manufacturer cut wages, and the union tried to negotiate, the company failed them all. The railroad union decided to not work on any trains with Pullman cars in them. The railroad owners tied the Pullman cars to mail trains in order to get the government to keep them moving, and the union members were jailed
National Grange movement
Social and educational collective aimed at brining farmers together. Soon became political to lobby for farmers
Starting in 1865 many Americans started pushing westward again after the interruption of the civil war
Bessemer process
Great railroad strike
Interstate commerce act
Sioux wars
Sioux initally won a deceive victory against the U.S. army.
The most famous political machine organized and met the needs of immigrants and the poor in exchange for votes
Labor unions
Workers formed labor unions to have more negotiating power and fight for better pay and working conditions
