congress sparked a new fight with the Sioux, by passing a law that nullified all previous treaties made with native Americans
Farmers wanted to print more money so they could more easily pay back their debts, but the bankers and the wealthy wanted to keep the U.S. Dollar on the gold standard
Facilitated the migration of black people to africa
Pendleton Act
Government support for railroads
Railroads supported by the government through money and land grants
Political machines
Corrupt political bosses and their followers
Bessemer process
Enabled manufacturers to produce huge quantities of steel
NAWSA
Worked to secure voting rights for women
Sioux wars
Sioux initally won a deceive victory against the U.S. army.
John D. Rockefeller
Pioneered horizontal integration, where one company controls every seller in the market.
By 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the frontier was officially settled
Labor unions
Workers formed labor unions to have more negotiating power and fight for better pay and working conditions
Knights of labor
National union open to ALL laborers. Wanted to end child labor and end trusts
Dawes act
Broke up tribal organizations and divided up tribal land and gave U.S. citizenship to natives who "Americanized" themselves
Interstate commerce act
Required railroad rates to be reasonable and just, and established a federal commission to oversee the railroads
Homestead act
Gave settlers 160 acres of land if they lived there for 5 years.
Gospel of wealth
Andrew Carnegie argued that those with wealth should invest it into society
Starting in 1865 many Americans started pushing westward again after the interruption of the civil war
Great railroad strike
Railroad companies cut salaries due to a recession. Railroad workers went on strike in 11 states. When the strike got violent, 11 people were killed before President Hayes sent in federal troops
Booker T. Washington
former slave who trained other black men to become economically self-sufficient, and argued this was a better way to gain power than to campaign for better voting rights
After a railroad car manufacturer cut wages, and the union tried to negotiate, the company failed them all. The railroad union decided to not work on any trains with Pullman cars in them. The railroad owners tied the Pullman cars to mail trains in order to get the government to keep them moving, and the union members were jailed
Chinese exclusion act
Nativists successfully pressured Congress to stop the flow of Chinese immigrants who were coming over during the gold rush.
Sherman antitrust act
Ghost dance movement
nationwide movement of resistance. They began to believe that if they took up the ritualistic ghost dance, that their ancestors would return and drive the Americans out.
White collar workers
All the industrialization created a new type of work for managers and administrators who ran the factories instead of working in them
Jim Crow laws
Forced segregation and prevented african americans from exercising their civil liberties
Views on immigration
Feared that factory owners would use immigrants to keep wages low and to replace striking workers
Worked to ban alcohol, had over 500,000 members
Anarchists set off a bomb during a Knights of labor protest in Chicago for an 8-hour workweek. Many people began to see the labor movement as violent and radical
Panic of 1893
A severe economic depression during which nearly a quarter of railroads declared bankruptcy. This caused bankers to buy up many of the railroads, leading to consolidation.
