Enabled manufacturers to produce huge quantities of steel
Anti-Saloon league
Worked to close down saloons
American federation of labor
White collar workers
Indian appropriation act
congress sparked a new fight with the Sioux, by passing a law that nullified all previous treaties made with native Americans
Sioux initally won a deceive victory against the U.S. army.
Knights of labor
National union open to ALL laborers. Wanted to end child labor and end trusts
Feared that factory owners would use immigrants to keep wages low and to replace striking workers
Chinese exclusion act
Nativists successfully pressured Congress to stop the flow of Chinese immigrants who were coming over during the gold rush.
Corrupt political bosses and their followers
NAWSA
Worked to secure voting rights for women
American protective association
nationwide movement of resistance. They began to believe that if they took up the ritualistic ghost dance, that their ancestors would return and drive the Americans out.
Homestead act
Gave settlers 160 acres of land if they lived there for 5 years.
Changes in farming
A new focus on cash-crops in the north and west, and a shift to more expensive mechanized farming methods put smaller farms out of business. Big trusts that farmers relied on (like railroads) also raised prices, making it even harder for farmers to make a living
John D. Rockefeller
Jim Crow laws
Farmers wanted to print more money so they could more easily pay back their debts, but the bankers and the wealthy wanted to keep the U.S. Dollar on the gold standard
Broke up tribal organizations and divided up tribal land and gave U.S. citizenship to natives who "Americanized" themselves
Ida B. Wells
Editor of a newspaper editorialized against lynching and jim crow. She fled north due to threats against her
Wanted to correct the concentration of power held by banks and trusts. Proposed the Omaha platform: Direct election of senators, more referendums, graduated income tax, and an 8-hour workday
A severe economic depression during which nearly a quarter of railroads declared bankruptcy. This caused bankers to buy up many of the railroads, leading to consolidation.
Andrew Carnegie argued that those with wealth should invest it into society
The most famous political machine organized and met the needs of immigrants and the poor in exchange for votes
National Grange movement
Social and educational collective aimed at brining farmers together. Soon became political to lobby for farmers
Booker T. Washington
Required railroad rates to be reasonable and just, and established a federal commission to oversee the railroads
Indian nations were assigned land called reservations. However this land was much less than before, and many decided to just keep following buffalo
Starting in 1865 many Americans started pushing westward again after the interruption of the civil war
Labor unions
Workers formed labor unions to have more negotiating power and fight for better pay and working conditions
