Starting in 1865 many Americans started pushing westward again after the interruption of the civil war
Debates over money
Farmers wanted to print more money so they could more easily pay back their debts, but the bankers and the wealthy wanted to keep the U.S. Dollar on the gold standard
John D. Rockefeller
Pioneered horizontal integration, where one company controls every seller in the market.
Settlement houses
Andrew Carnegie
Pioneered vertical integration, where one company controls every stage of the manufacturing process
American protective association
Heavily anti-catholic and Social Darwinists
Anti-Saloon league
Worked to close down saloons
Jim Crow laws
Forced segregation and prevented african americans from exercising their civil liberties
Homestead act
Gave settlers 160 acres of land if they lived there for 5 years.
Bessemer process
Enabled manufacturers to produce huge quantities of steel
Andrew Carnegie argued that those with wealth should invest it into society
Reservation system
Indian nations were assigned land called reservations. However this land was much less than before, and many decided to just keep following buffalo
Ida B. Wells
Great railroad strike
Grew to over a million members by 1901 and had some modest successes
Political appointments were very corrupt after a guy shot the president because he didn't get a job, congress passed the Pendleton Act, which created an exam that was used for deciding who would get a job
White collar workers
All the industrialization created a new type of work for managers and administrators who ran the factories instead of working in them
NAWSA
Worked to secure voting rights for women
Panic of 1893
A severe economic depression during which nearly a quarter of railroads declared bankruptcy. This caused bankers to buy up many of the railroads, leading to consolidation.
Sherman antitrust act
Chinese exclusion act
Sioux wars
Sioux initally won a deceive victory against the U.S. army.
Pullman strike
After a railroad car manufacturer cut wages, and the union tried to negotiate, the company failed them all. The railroad union decided to not work on any trains with Pullman cars in them. The railroad owners tied the Pullman cars to mail trains in order to get the government to keep them moving, and the union members were jailed
Assimilationist movement
Interstate commerce act
Required railroad rates to be reasonable and just, and established a federal commission to oversee the railroads
Booker T. Washington
former slave who trained other black men to become economically self-sufficient, and argued this was a better way to gain power than to campaign for better voting rights
National union open to ALL laborers. Wanted to end child labor and end trusts
Indian appropriation act
congress sparked a new fight with the Sioux, by passing a law that nullified all previous treaties made with native Americans
Haymarket square riot
Anarchists set off a bomb during a Knights of labor protest in Chicago for an 8-hour workweek. Many people began to see the labor movement as violent and radical
