By 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the frontier was officially settled
Starting in 1865 many Americans started pushing westward again after the interruption of the civil war
Labor unions
Workers formed labor unions to have more negotiating power and fight for better pay and working conditions
Tammany Hall
International migration society
Facilitated the migration of black people to africa
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Enabled manufacturers to produce huge quantities of steel
Booker T. Washington
former slave who trained other black men to become economically self-sufficient, and argued this was a better way to gain power than to campaign for better voting rights
National Grange movement
Social and educational collective aimed at brining farmers together. Soon became political to lobby for farmers
Views on immigration
Feared that factory owners would use immigrants to keep wages low and to replace striking workers
Andrew Carnegie argued that those with wealth should invest it into society
Settlement houses
Provided resources to the poor to enrich the neighborhood. Largely led by women
Andrew Carnegie
Pioneered vertical integration, where one company controls every stage of the manufacturing process
nationwide movement of resistance. They began to believe that if they took up the ritualistic ghost dance, that their ancestors would return and drive the Americans out.
Assimilationist movement
Wanted to end indian culture by forcing them to assimilate to American values.
Indian appropriation act
congress sparked a new fight with the Sioux, by passing a law that nullified all previous treaties made with native Americans
A new focus on cash-crops in the north and west, and a shift to more expensive mechanized farming methods put smaller farms out of business. Big trusts that farmers relied on (like railroads) also raised prices, making it even harder for farmers to make a living
Government support for railroads
Railroads supported by the government through money and land grants
16 million immigrants (mostly from Europe) came looking for better economic opportunities
Made monopolizing an entire market illegal
Political appointments were very corrupt after a guy shot the president because he didn't get a job, congress passed the Pendleton Act, which created an exam that was used for deciding who would get a job
White collar workers
Panic of 1893
Sioux wars
Sioux initally won a deceive victory against the U.S. army.
Laissez-faire economics
There was an extreme lack of government regulation of the economy at the time
American federation of labor
Grew to over a million members by 1901 and had some modest successes
National union open to ALL laborers. Wanted to end child labor and end trusts
Anti-Saloon league
Worked to close down saloons
Reservation system
Indian nations were assigned land called reservations. However this land was much less than before, and many decided to just keep following buffalo
Heavily anti-catholic and Social Darwinists
