International migration society
Facilitated the migration of black people to africa
Panic of 1893
A severe economic depression during which nearly a quarter of railroads declared bankruptcy. This caused bankers to buy up many of the railroads, leading to consolidation.
Populist party
Wanted to correct the concentration of power held by banks and trusts. Proposed the Omaha platform: Direct election of senators, more referendums, graduated income tax, and an 8-hour workday
Reservation system
Andrew Carnegie argued that those with wealth should invest it into society
Government support for railroads
White collar workers
Labor unions
Workers formed labor unions to have more negotiating power and fight for better pay and working conditions
Assimilationist movement
Wanted to end indian culture by forcing them to assimilate to American values.
Anti-Saloon league
Political machines
Corrupt political bosses and their followers
Ida B. Wells
Worked to secure voting rights for women
By 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the frontier was officially settled
Starting in 1865 many Americans started pushing westward again after the interruption of the civil war
Pioneered vertical integration, where one company controls every stage of the manufacturing process
A new focus on cash-crops in the north and west, and a shift to more expensive mechanized farming methods put smaller farms out of business. Big trusts that farmers relied on (like railroads) also raised prices, making it even harder for farmers to make a living
Provided resources to the poor to enrich the neighborhood. Largely led by women
Ghost dance movement
nationwide movement of resistance. They began to believe that if they took up the ritualistic ghost dance, that their ancestors would return and drive the Americans out.
Booker T. Washington
former slave who trained other black men to become economically self-sufficient, and argued this was a better way to gain power than to campaign for better voting rights
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Worked to ban alcohol, had over 500,000 members
Great railroad strike
Railroad companies cut salaries due to a recession. Railroad workers went on strike in 11 states. When the strike got violent, 11 people were killed before President Hayes sent in federal troops
American federation of labor
Required railroad rates to be reasonable and just, and established a federal commission to oversee the railroads
Homestead act
Gave settlers 160 acres of land if they lived there for 5 years.
Haymarket square riot
Anarchists set off a bomb during a Knights of labor protest in Chicago for an 8-hour workweek. Many people began to see the labor movement as violent and radical
Railroads
Massive extension of the railroad system created a truly national market for goods
Laissez-faire economics
There was an extreme lack of government regulation of the economy at the time
Pullman strike
Views on immigration
Feared that factory owners would use immigrants to keep wages low and to replace striking workers
