White collar workers
All the industrialization created a new type of work for managers and administrators who ran the factories instead of working in them
National Grange movement
Social and educational collective aimed at brining farmers together. Soon became political to lobby for farmers
Political appointments were very corrupt after a guy shot the president because he didn't get a job, congress passed the Pendleton Act, which created an exam that was used for deciding who would get a job
Reservation system
Worked to secure voting rights for women
A severe economic depression during which nearly a quarter of railroads declared bankruptcy. This caused bankers to buy up many of the railroads, leading to consolidation.
Bessemer process
Enabled manufacturers to produce huge quantities of steel
Worked to ban alcohol, had over 500,000 members
Settlement houses
Provided resources to the poor to enrich the neighborhood. Largely led by women
Editor of a newspaper editorialized against lynching and jim crow. She fled north due to threats against her
International migration society
Facilitated the migration of black people to africa
Required railroad rates to be reasonable and just, and established a federal commission to oversee the railroads
Political machines
Corrupt political bosses and their followers
Broke up tribal organizations and divided up tribal land and gave U.S. citizenship to natives who "Americanized" themselves
John D. Rockefeller
Pioneered horizontal integration, where one company controls every seller in the market.
Andrew Carnegie
Wanted to correct the concentration of power held by banks and trusts. Proposed the Omaha platform: Direct election of senators, more referendums, graduated income tax, and an 8-hour workday
Views on immigration
Feared that factory owners would use immigrants to keep wages low and to replace striking workers
Railroad companies cut salaries due to a recession. Railroad workers went on strike in 11 states. When the strike got violent, 11 people were killed before President Hayes sent in federal troops
Labor unions
Workers formed labor unions to have more negotiating power and fight for better pay and working conditions
Haymarket square riot
Anti-Saloon league
Worked to close down saloons
Sherman antitrust act
Made monopolizing an entire market illegal
Booker T. Washington
former slave who trained other black men to become economically self-sufficient, and argued this was a better way to gain power than to campaign for better voting rights
Laissez-faire economics
Government support for railroads
Railroads supported by the government through money and land grants
By 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the frontier was officially settled
Tammany Hall
The most famous political machine organized and met the needs of immigrants and the poor in exchange for votes
Pullman strike
After a railroad car manufacturer cut wages, and the union tried to negotiate, the company failed them all. The railroad union decided to not work on any trains with Pullman cars in them. The railroad owners tied the Pullman cars to mail trains in order to get the government to keep them moving, and the union members were jailed
American protective association
Heavily anti-catholic and Social Darwinists
