By 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the frontier was officially settled
American protective association
Sioux initally won a deceive victory against the U.S. army.
Bessemer process
Laissez-faire economics
Settlement houses
Provided resources to the poor to enrich the neighborhood. Largely led by women
Massive extension of the railroad system created a truly national market for goods
Social and educational collective aimed at brining farmers together. Soon became political to lobby for farmers
Pullman strike
After a railroad car manufacturer cut wages, and the union tried to negotiate, the company failed them all. The railroad union decided to not work on any trains with Pullman cars in them. The railroad owners tied the Pullman cars to mail trains in order to get the government to keep them moving, and the union members were jailed
Pendleton Act
Gospel of wealth
Andrew Carnegie argued that those with wealth should invest it into society
Andrew Carnegie
Pioneered vertical integration, where one company controls every stage of the manufacturing process
Views on immigration
Tammany Hall
Jim Crow laws
16 million immigrants (mostly from Europe) came looking for better economic opportunities
The new south
Idea that the future of the south would be based on economic diversity and industrial growth. Massive growth of population, industry, and railroads. Only in limited industrial centers though.
Editor of a newspaper editorialized against lynching and jim crow. She fled north due to threats against her
Railroad companies cut salaries due to a recession. Railroad workers went on strike in 11 states. When the strike got violent, 11 people were killed before President Hayes sent in federal troops
Assimilationist movement
American federation of labor
Anti-Saloon league
Worked to close down saloons
National union open to ALL laborers. Wanted to end child labor and end trusts
White collar workers
All the industrialization created a new type of work for managers and administrators who ran the factories instead of working in them
Populist party
Wanted to correct the concentration of power held by banks and trusts. Proposed the Omaha platform: Direct election of senators, more referendums, graduated income tax, and an 8-hour workday
nationwide movement of resistance. They began to believe that if they took up the ritualistic ghost dance, that their ancestors would return and drive the Americans out.
Workers formed labor unions to have more negotiating power and fight for better pay and working conditions
Changes in farming
A new focus on cash-crops in the north and west, and a shift to more expensive mechanized farming methods put smaller farms out of business. Big trusts that farmers relied on (like railroads) also raised prices, making it even harder for farmers to make a living
NAWSA
Worked to secure voting rights for women
Dawes act
Broke up tribal organizations and divided up tribal land and gave U.S. citizenship to natives who "Americanized" themselves
