White collar workers
All the industrialization created a new type of work for managers and administrators who ran the factories instead of working in them
The new south
Populist party
Wanted to correct the concentration of power held by banks and trusts. Proposed the Omaha platform: Direct election of senators, more referendums, graduated income tax, and an 8-hour workday
Facilitated the migration of black people to africa
Government support for railroads
Railroads supported by the government through money and land grants
Debates over money
John D. Rockefeller
Booker T. Washington
former slave who trained other black men to become economically self-sufficient, and argued this was a better way to gain power than to campaign for better voting rights
Dawes act
Broke up tribal organizations and divided up tribal land and gave U.S. citizenship to natives who "Americanized" themselves
Required railroad rates to be reasonable and just, and established a federal commission to oversee the railroads
Assimilationist movement
Reservation system
Indian nations were assigned land called reservations. However this land was much less than before, and many decided to just keep following buffalo
NAWSA
Worked to secure voting rights for women
Sioux wars
Sioux initally won a deceive victory against the U.S. army.
Growth of immigration
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Andrew Carnegie
Pioneered vertical integration, where one company controls every stage of the manufacturing process
Nativists successfully pressured Congress to stop the flow of Chinese immigrants who were coming over during the gold rush.
National union open to ALL laborers. Wanted to end child labor and end trusts
Ida B. Wells
Editor of a newspaper editorialized against lynching and jim crow. She fled north due to threats against her
Changes in farming
A new focus on cash-crops in the north and west, and a shift to more expensive mechanized farming methods put smaller farms out of business. Big trusts that farmers relied on (like railroads) also raised prices, making it even harder for farmers to make a living
Homestead act
Gave settlers 160 acres of land if they lived there for 5 years.
Railroad companies cut salaries due to a recession. Railroad workers went on strike in 11 states. When the strike got violent, 11 people were killed before President Hayes sent in federal troops
Labor unions
Workers formed labor unions to have more negotiating power and fight for better pay and working conditions
National Grange movement
Pendleton Act
Bessemer process
Enabled manufacturers to produce huge quantities of steel
Laissez-faire economics
There was an extreme lack of government regulation of the economy at the time
Grew to over a million members by 1901 and had some modest successes
