Booker T. Washington
former slave who trained other black men to become economically self-sufficient, and argued this was a better way to gain power than to campaign for better voting rights
Jim Crow laws
Andrew Carnegie
NAWSA
Worked to secure voting rights for women
Gospel of wealth
Provided resources to the poor to enrich the neighborhood. Largely led by women
Sherman antitrust act
Made monopolizing an entire market illegal
Pendleton Act
Political appointments were very corrupt after a guy shot the president because he didn't get a job, congress passed the Pendleton Act, which created an exam that was used for deciding who would get a job
Ghost dance movement
nationwide movement of resistance. They began to believe that if they took up the ritualistic ghost dance, that their ancestors would return and drive the Americans out.
The most famous political machine organized and met the needs of immigrants and the poor in exchange for votes
After a railroad car manufacturer cut wages, and the union tried to negotiate, the company failed them all. The railroad union decided to not work on any trains with Pullman cars in them. The railroad owners tied the Pullman cars to mail trains in order to get the government to keep them moving, and the union members were jailed
Feared that factory owners would use immigrants to keep wages low and to replace striking workers
Homestead act
Gave settlers 160 acres of land if they lived there for 5 years.
Panic of 1893
A severe economic depression during which nearly a quarter of railroads declared bankruptcy. This caused bankers to buy up many of the railroads, leading to consolidation.
Labor unions
Workers formed labor unions to have more negotiating power and fight for better pay and working conditions
Anti-Saloon league
Worked to close down saloons
Political machines
Corrupt political bosses and their followers
John D. Rockefeller
Indian appropriation act
congress sparked a new fight with the Sioux, by passing a law that nullified all previous treaties made with native Americans
International migration society
Broke up tribal organizations and divided up tribal land and gave U.S. citizenship to natives who "Americanized" themselves
Laissez-faire economics
There was an extreme lack of government regulation of the economy at the time
Interstate commerce act
Growth of immigration
16 million immigrants (mostly from Europe) came looking for better economic opportunities
Sioux wars
Sioux initally won a deceive victory against the U.S. army.
Wanted to correct the concentration of power held by banks and trusts. Proposed the Omaha platform: Direct election of senators, more referendums, graduated income tax, and an 8-hour workday
All the industrialization created a new type of work for managers and administrators who ran the factories instead of working in them
Railroads
Massive extension of the railroad system created a truly national market for goods
American federation of labor
Grew to over a million members by 1901 and had some modest successes
By 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the frontier was officially settled
