Indian appropriation act
congress sparked a new fight with the Sioux, by passing a law that nullified all previous treaties made with native Americans
Corrupt political bosses and their followers
Anti-Saloon league
Worked to close down saloons
Government support for railroads
Railroads supported by the government through money and land grants
Forced segregation and prevented african americans from exercising their civil liberties
Railroads
Massive extension of the railroad system created a truly national market for goods
John D. Rockefeller
Pioneered horizontal integration, where one company controls every seller in the market.
All the industrialization created a new type of work for managers and administrators who ran the factories instead of working in them
American protective association
Heavily anti-catholic and Social Darwinists
Growth of immigration
Anarchists set off a bomb during a Knights of labor protest in Chicago for an 8-hour workweek. Many people began to see the labor movement as violent and radical
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Worked to ban alcohol, had over 500,000 members
Reservation system
Indian nations were assigned land called reservations. However this land was much less than before, and many decided to just keep following buffalo
International migration society
former slave who trained other black men to become economically self-sufficient, and argued this was a better way to gain power than to campaign for better voting rights
Debates over money
Farmers wanted to print more money so they could more easily pay back their debts, but the bankers and the wealthy wanted to keep the U.S. Dollar on the gold standard
Ida B. Wells
Editor of a newspaper editorialized against lynching and jim crow. She fled north due to threats against her
Tammany Hall
The most famous political machine organized and met the needs of immigrants and the poor in exchange for votes
A new focus on cash-crops in the north and west, and a shift to more expensive mechanized farming methods put smaller farms out of business. Big trusts that farmers relied on (like railroads) also raised prices, making it even harder for farmers to make a living
The new south
Idea that the future of the south would be based on economic diversity and industrial growth. Massive growth of population, industry, and railroads. Only in limited industrial centers though.
Knights of labor
National union open to ALL laborers. Wanted to end child labor and end trusts
Pioneered vertical integration, where one company controls every stage of the manufacturing process
By 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the frontier was officially settled
Andrew Carnegie argued that those with wealth should invest it into society
Populist party
Wanted to correct the concentration of power held by banks and trusts. Proposed the Omaha platform: Direct election of senators, more referendums, graduated income tax, and an 8-hour workday
Laissez-faire economics
There was an extreme lack of government regulation of the economy at the time
Pendleton Act
Political appointments were very corrupt after a guy shot the president because he didn't get a job, congress passed the Pendleton Act, which created an exam that was used for deciding who would get a job
After a railroad car manufacturer cut wages, and the union tried to negotiate, the company failed them all. The railroad union decided to not work on any trains with Pullman cars in them. The railroad owners tied the Pullman cars to mail trains in order to get the government to keep them moving, and the union members were jailed
Starting in 1865 many Americans started pushing westward again after the interruption of the civil war
Bessemer process
Enabled manufacturers to produce huge quantities of steel
