Great railroad strike
Railroad companies cut salaries due to a recession. Railroad workers went on strike in 11 states. When the strike got violent, 11 people were killed before President Hayes sent in federal troops
National Grange movement
Social and educational collective aimed at brining farmers together. Soon became political to lobby for farmers
Pullman strike
Starting in 1865 many Americans started pushing westward again after the interruption of the civil war
American protective association
Indian appropriation act
congress sparked a new fight with the Sioux, by passing a law that nullified all previous treaties made with native Americans
Chinese exclusion act
Nativists successfully pressured Congress to stop the flow of Chinese immigrants who were coming over during the gold rush.
Interstate commerce act
Feared that factory owners would use immigrants to keep wages low and to replace striking workers
Enabled manufacturers to produce huge quantities of steel
American federation of labor
Grew to over a million members by 1901 and had some modest successes
Populist party
Wanted to correct the concentration of power held by banks and trusts. Proposed the Omaha platform: Direct election of senators, more referendums, graduated income tax, and an 8-hour workday
By 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that the frontier was officially settled
Pendleton Act
Political appointments were very corrupt after a guy shot the president because he didn't get a job, congress passed the Pendleton Act, which created an exam that was used for deciding who would get a job
Reservation system
Indian nations were assigned land called reservations. However this land was much less than before, and many decided to just keep following buffalo
Pioneered vertical integration, where one company controls every stage of the manufacturing process
Provided resources to the poor to enrich the neighborhood. Largely led by women
Homestead act
Gave settlers 160 acres of land if they lived there for 5 years.
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Knights of labor
National union open to ALL laborers. Wanted to end child labor and end trusts
Changes in farming
A new focus on cash-crops in the north and west, and a shift to more expensive mechanized farming methods put smaller farms out of business. Big trusts that farmers relied on (like railroads) also raised prices, making it even harder for farmers to make a living
Haymarket square riot
Anarchists set off a bomb during a Knights of labor protest in Chicago for an 8-hour workweek. Many people began to see the labor movement as violent and radical
Railroads supported by the government through money and land grants
Political machines
Corrupt political bosses and their followers
Panic of 1893
International migration society
Facilitated the migration of black people to africa
Growth of immigration
16 million immigrants (mostly from Europe) came looking for better economic opportunities
The new south
Idea that the future of the south would be based on economic diversity and industrial growth. Massive growth of population, industry, and railroads. Only in limited industrial centers though.
Sioux initally won a deceive victory against the U.S. army.
Railroads
Massive extension of the railroad system created a truly national market for goods
