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virginia and kentucky resolutions drafted by thomas jefferson and james madison, claimed that alien and sedition acts were unconstitutional and overstepped federal authority under the constitition, and could therefore be nullified by the states
British impressment
Free Soil Party
Federalism
Jefferson's presidency He himself owned hundreds of slaves. He banned the importation of slaves. Once the Atlantic trade dried up, domestic trade increased, creating the second middle passage
Interstate commerce act Required railroad rates to be reasonable and just, and established a federal commission to oversee the railroads
Philadelphia convention 12/13 states met to amend the articles of confederation. They eventually decided to draft a new constitution
15th amendment
Mass culture The growing popularity of technologies like movies and the radio meant that everyone was listening to the same things, which helped create a more unified culture and distinct identity
Germany solicited Mexico to become an ally of theirs, and in return they would help Mexico regain the land that they had lost in the Mexican-American war.
Growth of immigration 16 million immigrants (mostly from Europe) came looking for better economic opportunities
Praying towns Towns in new england where native Americans were forced to live. They we're supposed to be for their protection, but really, it was to steal their land and convert them to christianity
Established the western hemisphere as a U.S.-dominated sphere of influence without European involvement.
Election of 1828
Cold war
Nixon's appointments (who he'd assumed who be conservative) ruled in favor of abortion rights
White supremacy White supremacy continued to dominate. Secret societies continued to terrorize African Americans (and Catholics, jews, and immigrants)
Booker T. Washington
Jim Crow laws Forced segregation and prevented african americans from exercising their civil liberties
James Oglethorpe
Unrestricted submarine warfare Germany resumed sinking passenger ships two years later
A staunch Calvinist who began preaching outdoors in England. He moved to the colonies in 1740. In 2 years he was able to speak to over a quarter of the American population
Britain agreed to abandon outposts on the western frontier. In return the U.S. would favor trade with Britian. However, the treaty failed to address the british kidnapping, and American hatred of Britian caused riots.
Gospel of wealth Andrew Carnegie argued that those with wealth should invest it into society
President McKinley was assassinated and Teddy Roosevelt became president
Lend-Lease Act Allowed Britain to 'borrow' the weapons they needed
Fighting broke out between the pro and anti-slavery factions
Panic of 1893
Franklin D. Roosevelt elected
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First political parties Divisions over neutrality in the French revolution, the Jay treaty, the financial plan, and existing sectionalism created the first political parties.
George Washington's Presidency Established many precedents for the office of the president. Created a cabinet-style government, appointed cabinet officials based on merit, and stepped down after 2 terms
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Protected voting rights of former slaves (in theory)
Hamilton's financial plan 1) Establish the U.S. credit worthiness 2) Unify the states' debt 3) Create a national bank 4) Whiskey tax to pay for the revolution 5) Establish tariffs to protect american businesses
A severe economic depression during which nearly a quarter of railroads declared bankruptcy. This caused bankers to buy up many of the railroads, leading to consolidation.
Farmers had to take debt because they weren’t getting paid. Their land was being repossessed so they rebelled and closed the courts. They used Republican ideals to justify it.
Brown v. Board of education The Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were inherently unequal and schools had to be integrated. Overturned plessy v. Ferguson from 1896
The most famous political machine organized and met the needs of immigrants and the poor in exchange for votes
Monroe doctrine Established the western hemisphere as a U.S.-dominated sphere of influence without European involvement.
Enforcing the Sherman Anti-trust Act
Whiskey rebellion
Fries rebellion Farmers in southeast Pennsylvania stopped paying taxes for the larger military. John Fries led a peaceful protest, but John Adams ordered federal troops to stop the protest, and they made mass arrests, assaulted newspaper editors, and almost executed John Fries.
Sioux initally won a deceive victory against the U.S. army.
Booker T. Washington He argued that to achieve political equality, African Americans had to engage themselves in education and economic endavors
American temperance society Focused on working men. Established over 5,000 chapters across the nation
EPA Created in response to growing backlash from environmental disasters. Sought to place limits on pollution in the air and water
Secret ballot Helped make voting more fair by giving voters privacy and preventing party bosses from pressuring people into voting for them
Madison declared war on great Britain Madison declared war. "Would Americans remain independent or become colonists again?"
Many northerners opposed the expansion of slavery, and abolitionists despised the law. There were often riots when Southerners would try to bring back a runaway slave.
Compromise of 1820 Bring in Missouri and Maine at the same time to keep the balance of power. Also limited slavery above a certain latitude.
Confirmed ability of a Republican Government to defend itself. Americans completed conquest of everything east of the Mississippi. War broke remaining indigenous power, and white settlers poured in to former native lands.
Assembly line
Espionage Act of 1917 Anyone who tried to incite rebellion or obstruct the draft would go to prison
Sinking of the Lusitania A German U-Boat sank a passenger ship with 128 Americans on board
Sedition act of 1918 Prohibited anyone from making negative comments about the government
Prohibited prayers in school
Changes in farming A new focus on cash-crops in the north and west, and a shift to more expensive mechanized farming methods put smaller farms out of business. Big trusts that farmers relied on (like railroads) also raised prices, making it even harder for farmers to make a living
Enabled manufacturers to produce huge quantities of steel
The middle ground
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