|
|
Geocentric model of the universe
|
Every body in the galaxy circled around the earth, including the sun. This was the Catholic Churches view and presumed model of the universe in midevil europe
|
Nicolaus Copernicus
|
Challenged the geocentric model of the universe through mathematics and put forward the heliocentric model, where everything orbits the sun.
|
Johannes Kepler
|
Affirmed Copernicus’ findings and through complex math of his own, found that plants orbit in ellipses, not perfect circles
|
Galileo Galilei
|
Built a telescope and observed that other planets and moons, existed, and weren’t just balls of light
|
Copernicus and keplers books ended up on the index of prohibited books
|
These new ideas from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are challenging established beliefs of the Catholic Church during the catholic counter reformation. The geocentric model fit nicely with scripture so the church stuck with it.
|
Popes response to galieleo
|
Despite him being a devote catholic, the pope ruled him a heretic and placed him under house arrest. But his books were published after his death
|
Galen
|
Ancient Greek doctor who advanced the humoral theory of the body
|
Humoral theory of the body
|
The body is made up of 4 substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem? Imbalance of these 4 lead to disease. This is where blood letting came from
|
Paracelsus
|
Rejected the humoral theory and claimed that chemical imbalances caused disease, meaning chemical remedies could be used to cure people.
|
William Harvey
|
Further overturned Galen’s theory by proving how the circulatory system works
|
Francis Bacon
|
Developed inductive reasoning
|
Deductive reasoning
|
Using general principles to determine specific consitions
|
Inductive reasoning
|
Using specific observations to create general principles
|
Scientific method
|
During the scientific Revolution, the scientific method was invented, which emphasizes observations and experimentation
|
The enlightenment
|
Enlightenment thinkers applied new methods of reasoning to politics, and human institutions
|
Philosophes
|
French thinkers
|
Voltaire
|
Most famous French philosopher. Produced many works that criticized social and religious institutions of France. Supported religious tolerance, natural rights, but didn’t believe in democracy, only enlightened absolutism
|
Denis Diderot
|
Collaborated with other enlightened thinkers to edit and publish an encyclopedia that contained a rational explanation for everything.
|
Deism
|
Voltaire argued that there was a god, but god didn’t intervene in human affairs.
|
Atheism
|
Diderot defined it as someone who knows about god, but actively rejects his existence
|
John Locke
|
Argued that natural rights were given by god, not a government, so a government couldn’t take them away. Therefore power originates with the people
|
Enlightenment views of religion
|
Overall, religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private, rather than public concern. Structures of society grew increasingly secular.
|
Natural rights
|
The idea that human beings, just by virtue of being human, possess rights like life liberty and property
|
Thomas Hobbes
|
There is no morality in the state of nature. You need government to order the chaos of nature
|
Social Contract
|
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
|
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
|
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Similar ideas to John Locke. Idea of the social contract
|
Mary Wollstonecraft
|
English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women
|
A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
|
Argued that women and men were equal, and anything women seemed inferior at, it was only because they had been denied education and opportunities by men
|
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
|
Attacked mercantilist economics. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
|
Salon
|
private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrats
|
Enlightened Absolutism
|
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers. Rulers only acted enlightened when it benefitted them.
|
Enlightened absolutists monarchs
|
Frederick the great of Prussia: tried to help the people. Increased freedoms of press and speech to weaken the nobility and strengthen his power.
|
Charter of towns 1792
|
Catherine the great extended civl liberties to Russian Jews
|
Population increases in the 1700s
|
Rising birth rates, improving medical technology, vaccines, and bubonic plague went away
|
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
|
Saw that the population was rising faster than the food supply, thought Europe was heading towards starvation
|
Urbanization
|
Thanks to new technologies, fewer people were required for farming, leading many to move to the cities.
|
Tenaments
|
a cheap apartment building often crammed with people created in response to the influx of people moving into cities
|
Contagious Diseases Act
|
This allowed police officers to arrest any woman they suspected to be a prostitute. They were then permitted to give that woman an examination to prevent the spread of STDs. This is state-sponsered sexual assault.
|
Reading Revolution
|
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Books also became less religious. So religious censorship increased
|
Neoclassicism
|
In the later 1700s, the nature and subject of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeoisie society
|
Consumer Revolution
|
Middle and upper classes had more income, rise in demand for goods increased. People began wanting larger homes and more privacy and new venues for leisure
|
Coffee Houses
|
Grew with the increased demand for leisure during the consumer revolution and helped spread enlightenment ideas
|
0 recently 
0/10
Matteo Z 
European history
Used practice mode
Matched flashcards
Studied flashcards
